🔹 Summary
| Collection Type | Key Features | Best Use Case |
|---|
| List | Ordered, allows duplicates | Ordered data, logs, transactions |
| Set | Unordered, unique elements | Unique values (tags, user roles) |
| Queue | FIFO order | Task scheduling, messaging queues |
| Map | Key-Value storage | Configurations, caching, session tracking |
| Thread-Safe Collections | Safe for multi-threading | Real-time processing, caching in microservices |
🚀 Final Thoughts
✅ Use List when order matters and duplicates are allowed.
✅ Use Set when duplicates must be avoided.
✅ Use Queue for FIFO processing.
✅ Use Map for fast key-value lookups.
✅ Use ConcurrentHashMap for multi-threaded environments.
7) Can you write the
simple code for HashMap?
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
class Hashkeyvalue {
public static void
main(String[] args) {
HashMap h = new
HashMap();
h.put(10,
"swamy");
h.put(20,
"narayan");
h.put(30,
"raj");
System.out.println(h);
Set s =
h.entrySet();
Iterator it =
s.iterator();
while
(it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry m1
= (Map.Entry) it.next();
System.out.println(m1.getKey() + "....." + m1.getValue());
// Using Java 8 Streams to iterate and print key-value pairs
map.entrySet().stream()
.forEach(entry -> System.out.println(entry.getKey() + "....." + entry.getValue()));
}
// Print only keys
System.out.println("Keys:");
map.keySet().stream()
.forEach(key -> System.out.println(key));
// Print only values
System.out.println("Values:");
map.values().stream()
.forEach(value -> System.out.println(value));
}
}
}
8) What are thread states?
Thread Life Cycle in Java
Below diagram shows different states of thread life cycle in
java. We can create a thread in java and start it but how the thread states
change from Runnable to Running to Blocked depends on the OS implementation of
thread scheduler and java doesn’t have full control on that.
New
When we create a new Thread object using new operator,
thread state is New Thread. At this point, thread is not alive and it’s a state
internal to Java programming.
Runnable
When we call start() function on Thread object, it’s state
is changed to Runnable. The control is given to Thread scheduler to finish it’s
execution. Whether to run this thread instantly or keep it in runnable thread
pool before running, depends on the OS implementation of thread scheduler.
Running
When thread is executing, it’s state is changed to Running.
Thread scheduler picks one of the thread from the runnable thread pool and
change it’s state to Running. Then CPU starts executing this thread. A thread
can change state to Runnable, Dead or Blocked from running state depends on
time slicing, thread completion of run() method or waiting for some resources.
Blocked/Waiting
A thread can be waiting for other thread to finish
using
thread join or it
can be waiting for some resources to available. For example
producer
consumer problem or
waiter notifier
implementation or IO resources, then it’s state is changed to Waiting.
Once the thread wait state is over, it’s state is changed to Runnable and it’s
moved back to runnable thread pool.
Dead
Once the thread finished executing, it’s state is changed to
Dead and it’s considered to be not alive.
9) What are
differences b/w concrete, abstract classes and interface & they are given?
Concrete class:
A class of only Concrete methods is called Concrete
Class.
For this, object
instantiation is possible directly.
A class can extends one class and implements many
interfaces.
Abstract class:
|
Interface:
|
1) Abstract class contains only
Concrete methods or Abstract methods or both.
2)Any java class can extend
only one abstract class.
3) Abstract class won’t force the programmer to
implement/override
all its methods.
4) Abstract class takes less
execution timethan interface.
5) Abstract class allows constructor.
6) Abstract class can’t be instantiated directly.
7) A class must be abstract when it
consist at least one abstract method.
8) Abstract class gives less scope than an
Interface.
9) Abstract class allows both variable & constants
declaration.
10) Abstract class allows method definitions or declarations
whenever we want.
|
Where as i nterface methods are implicitly abstract unless the interface methods are static or default. Static methods and default methods in interfaces are added in Java 8.
A class can implements
any no. of interfaces
(this gives multiple
interface inheritance )
Interface forces the programmer to implement
all its methods
Interface takes more
execution time due to its complex hierarchy.
Interface won’t allow
any constructor.
Interface can’t be instantiated but it
can refer to its subclass objects.
----------
---------
Interface gives more scope than
an abstract class.
variables are public static final.
Interface allows method declarations
whenever we want . But it involves complexity.
|
Some interview questions
How to reverse a String in Java?
How to swap two numbers without using a third variable?
Seperate vowels and consonants from given string
Java program to check if the given number is Prime
Check given string is palindrome or not
Print number of largest polindrome in a string
Fibonacci Series
How to remove Whitespaces from String
Sorting an array
Find factorial of an integer?
Find common elements from 2 arrays
How to get distinct characters and their count in a String?
Java8 filter, groupby,
Java map() and to toMap() Programs
Java 8 convert list into map
Functional interface
Lamda expressions
Method references
Internal working of Hash Map, Hashset, concurrent hashmap.
Difference b/w hashmap and concurrent hashmap
Difference Synchronized map and concurrent hashmap
11) How to
retieve the objects from an ArrayList?
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
class ArrayListDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> a = new ArrayList<>(
java.util.Arrays.asList(10, 6, 5, 1, 3, 7, 9, 8, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 7, 9, 82, 42)
);
// (Or) List<Integer> a = new ArrayList<>(List.of(10, 6, 8, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 7, 9, 82, 42));
Collections.sort(a);
System.out.println(a);
a.subList(4, 10).forEach(System.out::println); // Prints elements from index 4 to 9
}
}
12) What are
versions of your current project technologies?
Java
7.0; Servlets 3.0, Jsp 3.0; spring 3.2.5; RestFul, Mongo DB 3.7,
Tomcat 8,
Java 6.0; Servlets 2.4,
Jsp 2.0; spring 2.5; Hibernate 3.2, Oracle 10g. weblogic 10.0.
13) What is
“Quality”?
It is
a Measure of excellence, state of being free from defects, deficiencies, and
significant variations.
A
product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied
needs."
14) Can I take a
class as “private”?
Yes, but it is declare to inner class, not to outer class.
If we are declaring "private" to outer class then we get
compile time error as
modifier private not allowed here.
private class Sample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hi");
}
}
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Error: Unresolved compilation problem:
15) How can
you clone an object?
A a1=new A();
B a11=a1.clone();
Java Object class comes with native clone()method that
returns the exact copy of the existing
instance.
Shallow Cloning
Default implementation of java clone object is using shallow
copy.
// Java program to demonstrate that assignment
// operator only creates a new reference to same object.
// A test class whose objects are
cloned
class ShallowCloningTest {
int x, y;
ShallowCloningTest()
{
x = 10;
y = 20;
}
}
// Driver Class
class ShallowCloningMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ShallowCloningTest
ob1 = new
ShallowCloningTest();
System.out.println(ob1.x + " " + ob1.y);
// Creating a new
reference variable ob2
// pointing to same
address as ob1
ShallowCloningTest
ob2 = ob1;
// Any change made
in ob2 will be reflected in ob1
ob2.x = 100;
System.out.println(ob1.x + " " + ob1.y);
System.out.println(ob2.x + " " + ob2.y);
}
}
Output:
10 20
100 20
100 20
Deep Cloning
In deep cloning, we have to copy fields one by one. We can
override the clone method like below for deep cloning.
A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of
dynamically allocated memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy occurs when
an object is copied along with the objects to which it refers.
// A Java program to demonstrate
deep copy using clone()
// An object reference of this class
is contained by Test2
class DeepCloningTest {
int x, y;
}
// Contains a reference of Test and
implements clone with deep copy.
class DeepCloningTest2 implements Cloneable {
int a, b;
DeepCloningTest
c = new DeepCloningTest();
public Object clone() throws
CloneNotSupportedException {
// Assign the
shallow copy to new refernce variable t
DeepCloningTest2
t = (DeepCloningTest2)
super.clone();
t.c = new DeepCloningTest();
// Create a new
object for the field c
// and assign it to
shallow copy obtained, to make it a deep copy
return t;
}
}
public class DeepCloningMain {
public static void main(String args[]) throws
CloneNotSupportedException {
DeepCloningTest2
t1 = new DeepCloningTest2();
t1.a = 10;
t1.b = 20;
t1.c.x = 30;
t1.c.y = 40;
DeepCloningTest2
t3 = (DeepCloningTest2)
t1.clone();
t3.a = 100;
// Change in
primitive type of t2 will not be reflected in t1 field
t3.c.x = 300;
// Change in object
type field of t2 will not be reflected in t1(deep
// copy)
System.out.println(t1.a + " " + t1.b + " " + t1.c.x + " " + t1.c.y);
System.out.println(t3.a + " " + t3.b + " " + t3.c.x + " " + t3.c.y);
}
}
Output:
10 20 30 40
100 20 300 0
Cloning using Serialization
One way to easily perform deep cloning is through
serialization.
But serialization is an
expensive procedure and your class should
implement Serializable interface.
Employee clonedEmp =
org.apache.commons.lang3.SerializationUtils.clone(emp);
Copy Constructor for Cloning
We can also define copy constructor and get a copy of object
and don’t depend on the cloning at all. For example, we can have Employee
constructor like below.
public Employee(Employee emp) {
this.setId(emp.getId());
this.setName(emp.getName());
Map<String,
String> hm = new HashMap<>();
String
key;
Iterator<String>
it = emp.getProps().keySet().iterator();
// Deep
Copy of field by field
while
(it.hasNext()) {
key
= it.next();
hm.put(key,
emp.getProps().get(key));
}
this.setProps(hm);
}
16) What is
marker interface?
Interfaces
with no methods are known as marker interfaces.
Marker interfaces are
Serializable, Clonable, SingleThreadModel, Event listener.
Marker Interfaces are
implemented by the classes or their super classes in order to add some
functionality.
e.g. Suppose you
want to persist (save) the state of an object then you have to implement the
Serializable interface otherwise the compiler will throw an error.
Suppose the interface
Clonable is neither implemented by a class named Myclass nor it's any super
class, then a call to the method clone() on Myclass's object will give an
error. This means, to add this functionality one should implement the Clonable
interface. While the Clonable is an empty interface but it provides an
important functionality.
When a
class implements this interface that class obtains some special behavior and
that
will be realized by the
JVM.
Even though an interface
contains some methods by implementing that interface if our objects will
get some ability. Such
type of interfaces are called ‘marker’ or ‘taginterfaces’
Ex:
Comparable, Runnable.
17) What
Design Patterns are you using in your project?
i) MVC ---> separates roles using different technologies,
ii)
Singleton Java class --> To satisfy the Servlet Specification, a
servlet must be a Single
Instance multiple thread component.
iii)
D.T.O/ V.O---> Data Transfer Object/Value object is there to send huge
amount of data
from one lalyer to
another layer. It avoids Network Round trips.
iv)
IOC/Dependency Injection---> Framework or container can automatically
instantiates the
objects
implicitly and injects the dependent data to that object.
v)
Factory method---> By using class name if we call any method and
return same class object.Then that method is consider as factory
method.
While developing projects one application contains so many
sub classes.Then we go for factory method. It won’t allows object
instantiation from out-side of the class.
vi)
View Helper----> It is there to develop a JSP without Java code so that
readability,
re-usability will become easy.
vii) Front
Controller---> dispatcher servlet developed as FrontController can traps only
the requests.
We are used various design patterns to improve modularity, maintainability, and scalability. Here are some of the key design patterns are used in my current project:
1. Creational Design Patterns
(a) Singleton Pattern
Used in: Spring Beans
How it works: Spring manages beans as singletons by default, ensuring that only one instance of a bean exists within the Spring container.
@Service
public class UserService {
// Spring automatically ensures a single instance of this bean
}
(b) Factory Pattern
Used in: BeanFactory, ApplicationContext, FactoryBean
How it works: Provides an interface to create objects without exposing the instantiation logic.
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
(c) Builder Pattern
Used in: Object construction for complex objects (e.g., DTOs, Entities)
public class User {
private String name;
private String email;
public static class Builder {
private String name;
private String email;
public Builder name(String name) {
this.name = name;
return this;
}
public Builder email(String email) {
this.email = email;
return this;
}
public User build() {
return new User(this);
}
}
private User(Builder builder) {
this.name = builder.name;
this.email = builder.email;
}
}
2. Structural Design Patterns
(a) Proxy Pattern
Used in: Spring AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming), Transaction Management
How it works: Spring creates proxy objects to implement cross-cutting concerns (e.g., logging, security, transactions).
@Transactional
public void updateUser(User user) {
// Spring creates a proxy to handle transactions
}
@Component
public class ExternalServiceAdapter {
private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
public ExternalServiceAdapter(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
this.restTemplate = restTemplate;
}
public ExternalResponse getExternalData(String url) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(url, ExternalResponse.class);
}
}
(b) Adapter Pattern
Used in: Integrating third-party services (e.g., API clients, database adapters)
@Component
public class ExternalServiceAdapter {
private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
public ExternalServiceAdapter(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
this.restTemplate = restTemplate;
}
public ExternalResponse getExternalData(String url) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(url, ExternalResponse.class);
}
}
(c) Decorator Pattern
Used in: Custom Logging, Caching (e.g., Redis), Security Enhancements
@Service
public class LoggingUserServiceDecorator implements UserService {
private final UserService userService;
public LoggingUserServiceDecorator(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
@Override
public User getUserById(Long id) {
System.out.println("Fetching user with ID: " + id);
return userService.getUserById(id);
}
}
3. Behavioral Design Patterns
(a) Strategy Pattern
Used in: Defining multiple implementations of a feature (e.g., payment gateways, authentication methods)
public interface PaymentStrategy {
void pay(double amount);
}
@Component
public class CreditCardPayment implements PaymentStrategy {
@Override
public void pay(double amount) {
System.out.println("Paid " + amount + " using Credit Card");
}
}
@Component
public class PaypalPayment implements PaymentStrategy {
@Override
public void pay(double amount) {
System.out.println("Paid " + amount + " using PayPal");
}
}
(b) Observer Pattern
Used in: Event-driven programming using ApplicationEventPublisher
@Component
public class UserRegistrationEventPublisher {
@Autowired
private ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;
public void publishUserRegisteredEvent(User user) {
eventPublisher.publishEvent(new UserRegisteredEvent(this, user));
}
}
@Component
public class UserRegistrationListener {
@EventListener
public void handleUserRegistration(UserRegisteredEvent event) {
System.out.println("User Registered: " + event.getUser().getName());
}
}
(c) Template Method Pattern
Used in: Defining a workflow skeleton with steps that subclasses must implement
public abstract class ReportGenerator {
public void generateReport() {
fetchData();
processData();
formatReport();
}
protected abstract void fetchData();
protected abstract void processData();
protected abstract void formatReport();
}
public class PdfReportGenerator extends ReportGenerator {
@Override
protected void fetchData() { /* fetch data logic */ }
@Override
protected void processData() { /* process data logic */ }
@Override
protected void formatReport() { /* format report as PDF */ }
}
4. Microservices-Specific Design Patterns
(a) API Gateway Pattern
Used in: Centralizing requests in microservices architecture (Spring Cloud Gateway)
@Configuration
public class ApiGatewayConfig {
@Bean
public RouteLocator routes(RouteLocatorBuilder builder) {
return builder.routes()
.route("user-service", r -> r.path("/users/**").uri("lb://USER-SERVICE"))
.route("order-service", r -> r.path("/orders/**").uri("lb://ORDER-SERVICE"))
.build();
}
}
@Configuration
public class ApiGatewayConfig {
@Bean
public RouteLocator routes(RouteLocatorBuilder builder) {
return builder.routes()
.route("user-service", r -> r.path("/users/**").uri("lb://USER-SERVICE"))
.route("order-service", r -> r.path("/orders/**").uri("lb://ORDER-SERVICE"))
.build();
}
}
(b) Circuit Breaker Pattern
Used in: Fault tolerance (Resilience4j, Hystrix)
@RestController
public class PaymentController {
@Autowired
private PaymentService paymentService;
@GetMapping("/pay")
@CircuitBreaker(name = "paymentService", fallbackMethod = "fallbackPayment")
public String processPayment() {
return paymentService.pay();
}
public String fallbackPayment(Exception e) {
return "Payment Service is currently unavailable.";
}
}
Conclusion
In my Spring Boot project, these design patterns help improve:
- Scalability (e.g., Microservices patterns like API Gateway, Circuit Breaker)
- Code reusability (e.g., Template Method, Strategy Pattern)
- Maintainability (e.g., Singleton, Factory, Proxy)
- Extensibility (e.g., Observer, Decorator)
18) What is
Singleton Java class & its importance?
A
Java class that allows to create only one object per JVM is called Singleton
Java class.
Ex:
DriverManager class is a Singleton Java class.
Use: Instead of creating multiple objects for a Java class having same
data, it is recommended
to
create only one object & use it for multiple no. of times.
Singleton Pattern
is a design pattern that is used to restrict instantiation of a class to one
object.
Using private constructor
and factory method, we can create singleton class.
class
Ourownsingleton {
private static Ourownsingleton t;
private Ourownsingleton() {
}
public static Ourownsingleton getInstance() {
if (t == null) {
t = new Ourownsingleton();
}
return t;
}
public Object clone() {
return this;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ourownsingleton t1 = Ourownsingleton.getInstance();
Ourownsingleton t2 =
Ourownsingleton.getInstance();
System.out.println(t1);
System.out.println(t2);
}
}
19) What are the
differences b/w struts, spring and hibernate?
Struts: allows to develop only webapplications and
it can’t support
POJO/POJI model programming.
Spring: is useful in developing all types of Java applications and
support POJO/POJI model
programming.
Hibernate: is used to
develop database independent persistence logic
It also supports
POJO/POJI model programming.
20) What are Access
Specifiers & modifiers?
In java there is no access specifiers, and all are access
modifiers. These are
i)
public---> Universal access specifier.
--can be used
along with: class, inner class, Interface, variable, constructor, method.
ii)
protected --> Inherited access modifier.
--can be used along with: inner class, variable, method, constructor.
iii) default
--> Package access modifier(with in the package).
--can be used along with:
class, inner class, interface, variable, constructor, method.
iv) private
--> Native access modifier.
-- can be used along with: inner class, variable, constructor, method.
Some other access
modifiers:
i)
static------------inner class,variable,block,method.
ii)
abstract—----- class,method.
iii) final--------------class,variable,method.
iv)
synchronized---block,method.
v) native-------------method.
vi)
transient---------variable.
vii)
volatile-----------variable
viii) strict
fp-----------variable
21) If double is added to
String then what is the result?
Double + String=String
22) differences b/w a
Vector & a ArrayList?
1)Synchronization : Vector is synchronized, which
means only one thread at a time can access the code, while arrayList is not
synchronized, which means multiple threads can work on arrayList at the same
time. For example, if one thread is performing an add operation, then there can
be another thread performing a remove operation in a multithreading
environment.
If multiple threads access arrayList concurrently, then we must synchronize the
block of the code which modifies the list structurally, or alternatively allow
simple element modifications. Structural modification means addition or
deletion of element(s) from the list. Setting the value of an existing element
is not a structural modification.
2)Performance: ArrayList is faster, since it is
non-synchronized, while vector operations give slower performance since they
are synchronized (thread-safe). If one thread works on a vector, it has
acquired a lock on it, which forces any other thread wanting to work on it to
have to wait until the lock is released.
3)Data Growth: ArrayList and Vector both grow and
shrink dynamically to maintain optimal use of storage – but the way they
resize is different. ArrayList increments 50% of the current array size if the
number of elements exceeds its capacity, while vector increments 100% –
essentially doubling the current array size.
4)Traversal: Vector can use both
Enumeration and
Iterator for traversing over elements of vector while ArrayList can
only use Iterator for traversing.
23) How can you achieve
Concurrence in Java?
Using
Multithreading.
The backbone
of java concurrency is threads. A thread is a lightweight process
which has its own call stack, but can access shared data of other threads in
the same process. A Java application runs by default in one process. Within a
Java application you can work with many threads to achieve parallel processing
or concurrency.
24) How to implement
Synchronization? Can we use synchronized with variables?
‘Synchronized’
is the keyword applicable for the methods and blocks. We can’t apply this
keyword for variables and classes.
The process of allowing only one thread
among n no. of threads into a Sharable Resource
to perform “Read”
& “Write” operations.
If a method
declared as synchronized at a time only one thread is allowed to execute that
method on the given object. The main advantage of synchronized keyword is we
can overcome data
inconsistency problem. The
main limitation of synchronized keyword is it may create preference problems.
Hence if there is no
specific requirement it’s not recommended to use synchronized keyword.
Every object in java has a
unique lock. Whenever we are using synchronized keyword then object level lock
concept will come into picture. If a thread want to execute any synchronized
method on the object first it should require the lock of that object. Once a
thread got the lock then it is allowed to execute any synchronized method on
that object.
While a
thread executing a synchronized method on the object, then the remaining
threads are not allowed to execute any synchronized method on the same object.
But the remaining threads are allowed to execute any non-synchronized method on
the same object.
Every object in java has
unique lock but a thread can acquire more than one lock at a time.
Ex:
class Display
{
public synchronized void wish(String name)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
System.out.print("Hai.......!");
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
}
System.out.println(name);
}
}
}
class MyThread extends
Thread
{
Display d;
String name;
MyThread(Display d, String name)
{
this.d = d;
this.name = name;
}
public void run()
{
d.wish(name);
}
}
class SynchronizedDemo
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
Display d = new Display();
MyThread t1 = new MyThread(d,
"YS");
MyThread t2 = new MyThread(d,
"Babu");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
25) What are oop principles?
Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism.
Inheritance Example:
class A {
int i = 10;
protected void m1() {
System.out.println("parent1
class");
}
protected void m2() {
System.out.println("parent2
class");
}
}
class B extends A {
int i = 100;
public void m1() {
System.out.println("inter class");
}
}
class C extends A {
int i = 1000;
public void m1() {
System.out.println("child class");
}
}
public class inheriex1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
a.m1();
B b = new B();
b.m1();
b.m2();
A a1 = new B();
a1.m1();
a1.m2();
A a2 = new C();
a2.m1();
a2.m2();
}
}
Output:
parent1 class
inter class
parent2 class
inter class
parent2 class
child class
parent2 class
26) What is polymorphism?
Polymorphism
is the capability of an action or method to do different things based on the
object that it is acting upon. In other words, polymorphism allows you define
one interface and have multiple implementation. This is one of the basic
principles of object oriented programming.
The method overriding is
an example of runtime polymorphism. You can have a method in superclass overrides
the method in its sub classes with the same name and signature. Java virtual
machine determines the proper method to call at the runtime, not at the compile
time.
Let's take a look at the
following example:
class Animal {
void whoAmI() {
System.out.println("I
am a generic Animal.");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void whoAmI() {
System.out.println("I am a Dog.");
}
}
class Cow extends Animal {
void whoAmI() {
System.out.println("I am a Cow.");
}
}
class
RuntimePolymorphismDemo {
public static void
main(String[] args) {
Animal ref1
= new Animal();
Animal ref2
= new Dog();
Animal ref3
= new Cow();
ref1.whoAmI();
ref2.whoAmI();
ref3.whoAmI();
}
}
The output is
I am a generic Animal.
I am a Dog.
I am a Cow.
Method overloading and
method overriding uses concept of Polymorphism in Java where method name
remains same in two classes but actual method called by JVM depends upon object
at run time and done by dynamic binding in Java.
Method overriding
nothing but runtime polymorphism.And Method overloading is nothing but
compiletime polymorphism in java.
27) What is
overloading and overriding? Give one example?
Overloading is the process of re-defining a method for multiple times
with different Signature.
Example:
class Overloadex2 {
public String m1(String s) {
System.out.println("string
method1");
return "null";
}
public int m1(int s1) {
System.out.println("int method1");
return -1;
}
public Object m1(Object s2) {
System.out.println("object
method1");
return "";
}
public Object m1() {
System.out.println("object
method2");
return -1;
}
}
public class Overloadex1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Overloadex2 overloadex2 = new Overloadex2();
overloadex2.m1("ab");
overloadex2.m1(null);
overloadex2.m1();
overloadex2.m1(-2);
overloadex2.m1(0);
}
}
Output: string method1
string method1
object method2
int method1
int method1
Overriding is a process of re-defining a super class original version
in its various derived
classes through inheritance.
Example:
//overridding concept
class overex3 {
public Object m1() {
System.out.println("hi overex3
object");
return 1;
}
public String m1(Float f) {
System.out.println("hi overex3
float");
return "hi return m1";
}
public String m1(String s1) {
System.out.println("hi overex3
string");
return "java return m1";
}
}
public class Overrideex3
extends overex3 {
public Object m1() {
System.out.println("hello Overrideex3
object");
return 1;
}
public String m1(String s1) {
System.out.println("hello Overrideex3
string");
return "java return m1";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//
System.out.println("hi!..........");
overex3 o = new overex3();
o.m1("java");
o.m1();
}
}
Output:
hi overex3 string
hi overex3 object
28) What is encapsulation
& abstraction?
Encapsulation
is, a technique, used to encapsulate the properties & behaviors of an
object.
It focuses on inside-view
and solves problems at “implementation side”.
Abstract class in
Java Important Points
1) abstract keyword
is used to create an abstract class in java.
2) Abstract class in java
can’t be instantiated.
3) We can
use abstract keyword to create an abstract method, an abstract method
doesn’t have body.
4) If a class have
abstract methods, then the class should also be abstract using abstract keyword,
else it will not compile.
5) It’s not necessary to
have abstract class to have abstract method. We can mark a class as abstract
even if it doesn’t declare any abstract methods.
6) If abstract class
doesn’t have any method implementation, its better to use interface because
java doesn’t support multiple class inheritance.
7) The subclass of
abstract class in java must implement all the abstract methods unless the
subclass is also an abstract class.
8) All the methods in an
interface are implicitly abstract unless the interface methods are static or
default. Static methods and default methods in interfaces are added in
Java 8, for more details read
Java 8 interface changes.
9) Java Abstract class can
implement interfaces without even providing the implementation of interface
methods.
10) Java Abstract class is
used to provide common method implementation to all the subclasses or to
provide default implementation.
11) We can run abstract
class in java like any other class if it has main() method.
29) While overriding
a exception throwing method, does it mandatory that subclass must
also throw the same exception? No
30) In an
application, one task has to be done for every 15 minutes. How can you do
it?
31) How do you sort
on one property(field) of a class?
Using Comparable and Comparator interfaces.
Comparable
A comparable object is
capable of comparing itself with another object using comareTo()
method. The class itself must implements
the java.lang.Comparable interface in order to be able to compare its
instances.
Example 1:
class Student implements Comparable<Student>{
int rollno;
String name;
int age;
Student(int rollno,String name,int age){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.age=age;
}
public int compareTo(Student st){
if(age==st.age)
return 0;
else if(age>st.age)
return 1;
else
return -1;
}
}
Example 2):
package
comparableandcomparator;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class ComparableEmployee
implements Comparable<ComparableEmployee> {
private int id;
private String name;
private int age;
private long salary;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public long getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public ComparableEmployee(int id, String name,
int age, int salary) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
// this is overridden to print the
user-friendly information about the
// Employee
public String toString() {
return "[id=" + this.id + ",
name=" + this.name + ", age=" + this.age + ", salary="
+ this.salary + "]";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// sorting object array
ComparableEmployee[] empArr = new
ComparableEmployee[4];
empArr[0] = new ComparableEmployee(10,
"Mikey", 25, 10000);
empArr[1] = new ComparableEmployee(20,
"Arun", 29, 20000);
empArr[2] = new ComparableEmployee(5,
"Lisa", 35, 5000);
empArr[3] = new ComparableEmployee(1,
"Pankaj", 32, 50000);
// sorting employees array using Comparable
interface implementation
Arrays.sort(empArr);
System.out.println("Default Sorting of
Employees list:\n" + Arrays.toString(empArr));
}
@Override
public int compareTo(ComparableEmployee emp) {
// let's sort the employee based on an id in
ascending order
// returns a negative integer, zero, or a
positive integer as this
// employee id
// is less than, equal to, or greater than
the specified object.
return -1;
}
}
Comparator
A comparator object is
capable of comparing two different objects using equals() and compare(). The
class is not comparing its instances, but some other class’s instances. This
comparator class must implement the java.util.Comparator interface.
Example 1:
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
// A class to represent a
student.
class Student
{
int
rollno;
String
name, address;
//
Constructor
public
Student(int rollno, String name,
String
address)
{
this.rollno
= rollno;
this.name
= name;
this.address
= address;
}
//
Used to print student details in main()
public
String toString()
{
return
this.rollno + " " + this.name +
"
" + this.address;
}
}
class AgeComparator
implements Comparator<Student>
{
public
int compare(Object obj1, Object obj2)
{
Student s1 = (Student)obj1;
Student s2 = (Student)obj2;
if(s1.age==s2.age)
return 0;
else if (s1.age > s2.age)
return 1;
else
return -1;
}
}
class Sortbyname
implements Comparator<Student>
{
public int
compare(Object obj1, Object obj2)
{
Student s1 = (Student)obj1;
Student s2 = (Student)obj2;
return s1.name.compareTo(s2.name);
}
(OR)
public
int compare(Student s1, Student s1)
{
return
s1.name.compareTo(s2.name);
}
}
Example 2:
package
comparableandcomparator;
// Java program to
demonstrate working of Comparator
// interface
import
java.util.ArrayList;
import
java.util.Collections;
import
java.util.Comparator;
// A class to represent a
student.
class Student {
int rollno;
String name, address;
// Constructor
public Student(int rollno, String name, String
address) {
this.rollno = rollno;
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
}
// Used to print student details in main()
public String toString() {
return this.rollno + " " +
this.name + " " + this.address;
}
}
class Sortbyroll
implements Comparator<Student> {
// Used for sorting in ascending order of
// roll number
public int compare(Student a, Student b) {
return a.rollno - b.rollno;
}
}
class Sortbyname implements
Comparator<Student> {
// Used for sorting in ascending order of
// roll name
public int compare(Student a, Student b) {
return a.name.compareTo(b.name);
}
}
// Driver class
class ComparatorStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Student> ar = new
ArrayList<Student>();
ar.add(new Student(111, "bbbb",
"london"));
ar.add(new Student(131, "aaaa",
"nyc"));
ar.add(new Student(121, "cccc",
"jaipur"));
System.out.println("Unsorted");
for (int i = 0; i < ar.size(); i++)
System.out.println(ar.get(i));
Collections.sort(ar, new Sortbyroll());
System.out.println("\nSorted by
rollno");
for (int i = 0; i < ar.size(); i++)
System.out.println(ar.get(i));
Collections.sort(ar, new Sortbyname());
System.out.println("\nSorted by
name");
for (int i = 0; i < ar.size(); i++)
System.out.println(ar.get(i));
}
}
32) If my class is
having 5 abstract methods then can I make it as an interface?
Yes
33) Which cvs tool
are you using? What are the methods that are there?
Commit().
Update()
34) Difference b/w
Checked & Unchecked Exception?
The exceptions which are checked by the compiler for smooth execution of
the program at runtime are called “Checked Exceptions”.
Ex:
ClassNotFoundException---Java ClassNotFoundException occurs when the
application tries to load a class but
Classloader is
not able to find it in the classpath..
InterruptedException,---when
two or more threads try to share same Resource(wait() and join())
NoSuchFieldException
---when we access the undeclared variable
NoSuchMethodException---when
we invoke the undeclared method.
InstantiationException---when
we try to create object for a abstract/interface
The
exceptions which are unble to checked by the compiler are called “Unchecked
Exceptions”
Ex:
ArithmeticException,
ArrayOutOfBoundsException,
NullPointerException
ExceptionDemo Example:
package exception;
import java.io.File;
import
java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
// Java program to
demonstrate built-in Exceptions
class Exception_Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Exception_Demo exception_Demo = new Exception_Demo();
exception_Demo.arithmeticException_Demo();
exception_Demo.arrayIndexOutOfBoundsException_Demo();
exception_Demo.nullPointerException_Demo();
exception_Demo.numberFormatException_Demo();
exception_Demo.stringIndexOutOfBoundsException_Demo();
exception_Demo.fileNotFoundException_Demo();
}
public void arithmeticException_Demo() {
try {
int a = 30, b = 0;
int c = a / b; // cannot divide by zero
System.out.println("Result = " +
c);
} catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("StringIndexOutOfBoundsException");
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("Number format
exception");
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
System.out.println("NullPointerException..");
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Array Index is Out
Of Bounds");
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException
Can't divide a number by 0");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception");
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
System.out.println("finally
block");
}
}
public void
arrayIndexOutOfBoundsException_Demo() {
try {
int a[] = new int[5];
a[6] = 9; // accessing 7th element in an
array of
// size 5
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Array Index is Out
Of Bounds");
}
}
public void nullPointerException_Demo() {
try {
String a = null; // null value
System.out.println(a.charAt(0));
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
System.out.println("NullPointerException..");
}
}
public void numberFormatException_Demo() {
try {
// "akki" is not a number
int num =
Integer.parseInt("akki");
System.out.println(num);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("Number format
exception");
}
}
public void
stringIndexOutOfBoundsException_Demo() {
try {
String a = "This is like chipping
"; // length is 22
char c = a.charAt(24); // accessing 25th
element
System.out.println(c);
} catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("StringIndexOutOfBoundsException");
}
}
public void fileNotFoundException_Demo() {
try {
// Following file does not exist
File file = new
File("E://file.txt");
FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("File does not
exist");
}
}
}
35) Differenc b/w
Exception & Error?
Exceptions are
recoverable,most of the cases exceptions are raised due to program only.
Errors are non-recoverable,most
of the cases errors are due lock of system resources but not due to our
programs.
36) What is final ?
final is the modifier applicable for classes,methods and variables.
i)if a class declared as
final ,then we cann’t create child class.
ii)if a method declared as
final,then we are not override that method in the child class.
iii)if a variable declared
as final,we cann’t change that variable.
37) How can you
invoke a current class constructor from a method ?
By using “this”.
38) How can you
invoke a super class constructor from derived class?
Using “super()”
39) What is “static”?
Static is a
keyword, applicable for methods, blocks, variables and nested classes.
Static
variables a single copy will be created at class level and shared by all
objects of that
class.
Static
variables should be declared with in the class but outside of any method or
block or
constructor.
Static
variables will be created at the time of class loading and destroyed at the
time of unloading.
We can access static
variables either by using class name or by using object reference using class
name is recommended.
Ex:
class Test
{
int i;
static int j = 10;
public static void
main(String arg[])
{
Test t1 = new Test();
t1.i = 888;
t1.j = 999;
Test t2 = new Test();
System.out.println(t2.i+"
----"+t2.j);
}
}
O/P:- 0----999
For the static variables
no need to perform initialization JVM will always provide default values.
Ex:
class Test
{
static int i;
public static void
main(String arg[])
{
System.out.println(i); //0
}
}
40) What is
“instanceOf”?
The
operator that checks whether given instance is belongs to the given class or
not.
41) Can I create an
interface without methods, constants declarations?
Yes
42) Can I place try
& catch blocks in finally block?
Yes
43) What are the clone types?
44) How can you make
an ArrayList as Synchronized list?
List
l=Collections.synchronizedArrayList(new ArrayLsit());
Map
m=Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap());
45) What is
Serialization?
Writing the state of an object in to Streams or files is called
Serialization.
The Process of Saving an object to a file is called “serialization”. But
strictly
speaking serialization is
the process of converting an object from java supported format to network
or file supported format.
By using FileOutPutStream,
ObjectOutPutStream classes we can achieve serialization.
FileOutputStream fos=new FileOutputStream(“file name”); ---file
opened
ObjectOutputStream oos=new Object OutputStream(fos);
--Object takes file ref
UserDefSerCls uds=new UserDefSerCls(,” ”,);
Oos.writeObject(uds);
Oos.close();
46) How can you made
the fields of a class to not serialized?
Using the modifier called “transient”
47) What is the use
with Generics?
Array objects
are by default typesafe. i.e we declare String Array we can insert only String
Objects. By Mistake if we r trying to insert any other elements we will get
compile time error.
Ex:
String [] s = new
String[100];
s[0] = "raju";
s[1] = 10;
//C.E
But Collection objects are
not typesafe by default. If our requirement is to add only String objects to
the ArrayList , By mistake if we r trying to insert any other element we won’t
get any compile time error.
ArrayList l = new
ArrayList();
l.add(“raju”);
l.add(new Integer(10));
//No Compile Time Error.
by using generics we can provide typesafety and we can resolve
typecasting problems.
By using generics we can
define parameter for the collection. These parameterized collection classes are
nothing but “Generic collection classes”.
Polymorphism concept is
not applicable for the parameter type but applicable for basetype
List<String> l = new
ArrayList<String>()
The type parameter must be
object type(any class or interface name). we can’t apply generic concept for
primitive datatype.
Ex:- ArrayList<int>
l = new ArrayList<int>();
C.E:- unexpected type
found : int
Required : Integer
In generics we have only
extends keyword and there is no implements keyword. It’s purpose is also
survived by using extends keyword only.
Generics is
the concept applicable only at compile time to provide type safety, at runtime
there is no
generic concept at all.
48) What is
“Reflection”?
It allows to do Mirror image operations on classes/interfaces to get the
internal details.
49) How do you
maintain versions in your project?
Using SVN.
50) What is Junit?
Junit
is new framework designed for Java to perform unit testing. It is an Open
source framework. Junit is an instance of xUnit architecture... and writing
test cases. Junit also have a Graphical User Interface which allows
JUnit
is an open source framework that has been designed for the purpose of writing
and running tests in the Java programming language. JUnit was originally
written by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck. There are many ways to write test cases.
A test case is a code fragment that checks that another code unit (method)
works as expected. So if we want an accurate and efficient testing process then
using a good testing framework is recommended. JUnit has established a good
reputation in this scenario.
JUnit is a
regression-testing framework that developers can use to write unit tests as
they develop systems. Unit testing belongs to test a single unit of code, which
can be a single class for Java. This framework creates a relationship between
development and testing. You start coding according to the specification and
need and use the JUnit test runners to verify how much it deviates from the
intended goal. Typically, in a unit testing, we start testing after completing
a module but JUnit helps us to code and test both during the development. So it
sets more focus on testing the fundamental building blocks of a system i.e.
one block at a time rather than module level functional testing. This really
helps to develop test suites that can be run any time when you make any changes
in your code. This all process will make you sure that the modifications in the
code will not break your system without your knowledge.
Using a framework, like
JUnit, to develop your test cases has a number of advantages, most important
being that others will be able to understand test cases and easily write new
ones and that most development tools enable for automated and / or one click
test case execution.
JUnit provides also a
graphical user interface (GUI) which makes it possible to write and test source
code quickly and easily. JUnit shows test progress in a bar that is green if
testing is going fine and it turns red when a test fails. There is a lot of
pleasure in seeing the green bars grow in the GUI output. A list of
unsuccessful tests appears at the bottom of the display window. We can run
multiple testsconcurrently. The simplicity of JUnit makes it possible for the
software developer to easily correct bugs as they are found.
51)How Java is Platform
Independent?
Because the magic of byte
code.
.class file—byte
code
52) What is
Association and Composition?
53) How can I
achieve multiple inheritance in Java without using inheritance?
54) Write the code for
a class which implements the Runnable interface?
Public
class RunClass implement Runnable{
-------------
-------------
public void run(){
---------
}
Runnable r=new RunClass();
Thread thr=new Thread(r);
thr.start();
55) There are m1(),
m2() methods and t1,t2 threads.
How can t1 execute m1() and t2 executes m2()?
56) What is
“join()”?
join()
If a thread wants to wait
until some other thread completion then we should go for join method.
Ex:
If a thread t1 executes
t2.join(), then t1 will be entered into waiting state until t2
completion.
public final void join()
throws InterruptedException
public final void join(long
ms) throws InterruptedException
public final void
join(long ms, int ns) throws InterruptedException
57) What is
InterruptedException?
When two or more threads try to access same object simultaneously, then
this exception
occurs. Join(), wait(), notify() ,notifyAll() throws
InterruptedException.
58) What an Interface
allows in its inside?
Inside interface, all variables are by default public static final variables and methods are abstract methods. And static and default methods
are allowed in interface from java 8
59) Can I define a
class inside an Interface?
Yes
60) What is the
interface implemented by HashMap and Hashtable?
Map (i)
61) Can you unit
test a “private method”?
Not testing private methods - Sometimes a private method is doing
very complicated tasks that should be tested very well, and we don't want that
user will have access to this methods. Soon the solution is changing private
methods to protected.
You can't do that with Mockito but
you can use Powermock to extend Mockito and mock private
methods
62) What are the
methods with Serializable interface?
No methods are there in Serializable Interface as a Marker/Tagged
Interface.
Ex:
Serializable, Cloneable, Remote, SingleThreadModel.
63) What are the
Http request methods?
GET,POST
64) Can I Implement
Serializable when I don’t want to save the object in persistence stores?
If NetWork is there then YES else NO.
65) What is
“reflection api”?
import
java.lang.reflection;
Reflection API
based applications are capable of gathering
“internal details
about a Java class/ interface by performing Mirror Image
Operations on that class/interface.
66) What is an
Application Server?
i) It
allows to deploy all types of Java applications like web,
distributed,enterprise
applications.
ii) It
contains both web and ejb containers.
iii) It gives
more implicit middle ware support like Transaction management, Security, Connection pooling.
67) How to know the
no. of dynamically generated objects of a class?
Take a Static count variable, pass this to a” Parameter Constructor”
and keep the
increment operation inside it.
68) What are the
primitives?
byte, int, short, long, float, double, char, boolean local variables.
69) What happens
when we store primitives to Collections?
70) What are the
Wrapper class objects?
The primitives are not allowed to store inside the collections. So, they
will be converted into
Wrapper
class objects using their respective wrapper classes.
71) What is the
difference between “Apache Server” & “Tomcat Server”?
Apache/ Apache HTTP Server, is an established standard in the online
distribution of website services, which gave the initial boost for the
expansion of the W.W.W.
. It is an open-source web
server platform, which guarantees the online availability of the majority of
the websites active today.
The server is aimed
at serving a great deal of widely popular modern web platforms/operating
systems such as Unix, Windows, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare, FreeBSD, Mac OS
X, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, etc.
72) Why do we
require Application Server instead of Web Server?
73) An application
is having “images”. Which Server is preferable?
74) What is
Autoboxing?
Autoboxing is an implicit automatic conversion from Primitives to
Wrapper class objects.
Ex: float p_float=0.5f;------à Float 0_float=new
Float(p_float); // will done implicitely.
Unboxing is an implicit automatic conversion from Wrapper class objects
to Primitives.
Ex: Float o_float=0.2f;----à float
p_float=o_float;
75) What are new features
of jdk1.5?
Generics, Enhanced For loop, Autoboxing/Unboxing, Static import,
Annotations.
76) Write the code
for “Enhanced for loop”?
int[] integers={1,2,3,4,5};
for(int item:integers){
S.o.p(item);
}
77) What is an
Annotation in JDK1.5?
Sun has recently released Annotation Processing Tool (apt) along with
beta2 of JDK1.5.
This tool greatly helps in using the annotations feature that is
introduced in JDK1.5
Annotations can be at package level, class level, field level, method
level and even at
local variable level.
78) I have a HashMap.
I want to get the keys & values in a set. Can you write the code?
import java.util.*;
class keyvaluemap
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HashMap hm=new HashMap();
hm.put(1,"ram");
hm.put(2,"sri");
System.out.println(hm);
Set s=hm.entrySet();
Iterator it=s.iterator();
while(it.hasNext())
{
Map.Entry m1=(Map.Entry)it.next();
System.out.println(m1.getKey()+"----"+m1.getValue());
}
}
}
79) Which algorithm
is used by JVM while running Garbage Collection?
Mark-in-sweep.
80) How do you Unit
test in Spring environment?
81) How do you
disable all the JavaScripts of pages in an application?
82) What does
Tomcat Support?
War file
83) In HashMap, how
can I locate a particular key?
Hm.containsKey(“3”);
Hm.containsValue(“key”);
84) Difference b/w
SVN(Sub VersioN) & VSS (Visual Source Safe--microsoft)?
Usually team members do
all of their work separately, in their own working copies and need to share
their work. This is done via a Subversion repository. Syncro SVN Client
supports the versions 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 of the SVN repository format
1. Expansion. The number
of programmers doubled and we didn't want to fork out for the extra VSS
licenses
2. Bugs. VSS is good at
maintaining the latest version of a file, but histories often got corrupted.
3. More bugs. The
checking/recovery tools were useless as they started crashing when the database
got very large.
85) ACID Operations
Atomicity:
The
process of combining invisible & individual operations into a single unit.
Consistency:
It is a process where the rules applied on DB may be violated
during Tx
but no rule is violated at the end of a Tx.
Ex: Account
table—balance field –no negative bal
Isolation:
The
process of applying locks on a DB table at various levels to avoid data
corruption
when
multiple users are allowed concurrently/simultaneously.
Durability:
The process of
bringing the DB s/w original state using the log & back up files
when it was
crashed/corrupted.
86) Why there is
Object class?
To
provides the default, common implemented code for every java class/interface.
The Object Class is the
super class for all classes in Java.
Methods
available in Object class are:
int
hashCode(),
boolean equals(Object
obj),
void finalize() throws
Throwable,
String toString(),
Object clone() throws
CloneNotSupportedException,
final Class getClass()
final void wait()throws
InterruptedException
final void notify()throws
InterruptedException
final void
notifyAll()throws InterruptedException
clone()
An object is an instance
of a class created using a new operator. The new operator returns a reference
to a new instance of a class. This reference can be assigned to a reference
variable of the class. The process of creating objects from a class is called
instantiation. An object encapsulates state and behavior.
An object reference
provides a handle to an object that is created and stored in memory. In Java,
objects can only be manipulated via references, which can be stored in
variables.
Creating variables of your
class type is similar to creating variables of primitive data types, such as
integer or float. Each time you create an object, a new set of instance
variables comes into existence which defines the characteristics of that
object. If you want to create an object of the class and have the reference
variable associated with this object, you must also allocate memory for the
object by using the new operator. This process is called instantiating an
object or creating an object instance.
When you create a new object,
you use the new operator to instantiate the object. The new operator returns
the location of the object which you assign o a reference type.
Below is an example
showing the creation of Cube objects by using the new operator.
public class Cube {
int length = 10;
int breadth = 10;
int height = 10;
public int getVolume() {
return (length * breadth * height);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cube cubeObj; // Creates a Cube Reference
cubeObj = new Cube(); // Creates an Object of
Cube
System.out.println("Volume of Cube is :
" + cubeObj.getVolume());
}
}
87) Why
hashcode(),equals()…are there in Object class?
88) What is the
problem with Autoboxing ?
89) What is an Nested
class?
The class defined in another class.
Nested class Types:
i)
static nested class
ii)
non-static nested class (inner class)
Nested class Use :
i) They can
lead to more readable & maintainable code.
ii) It increases
encapsulation.
iii) It is a
way of logically grouping classes that are only used in one place.
Inner-class object
creation:
OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject=outerObject.new InnerClass().
Anonymous Class: a
name-less local class .
When to use:
i) when a class has
a short body.
ii) only one instance of
the class is needed.
90) Inner classes in java
Inner class means one
class which is a member of another class. There are basically four types of
inner classes in java.
1) Nested Inner class
2) Method Local inner
classes
3) Anonymous inner classes
4) Static nested classes
Nested Inner
class can access any private instance variable of outer class. Like any
other instance variable, we can have access modifier private, protected, public
and default modifier.
Like class, interface can
also be nested and can have access specifiers.
1)Following example
demonstrates a nested class.
class Outer {
// Simple nested
inner class
class Inner {
public
void show() {
System.out.println("In
a nested class method");
}
}
}
class Main {
public static void
main(String[] args) {
Outer.Inner
in = new Outer().new Inner();
in.show();
}
}
|
Output:
In a nested class method
As a side note, we can’t
have static method in a nested inner class because an inner class is implicitly
associated with an object of its outer class so it cannot define any static
method for itself. For example the following program doesn’t compile.
class Outer {
void outerMethod()
{
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
}
class Inner {
public
static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("inside
inner class Method");
}
}
}
|
Output:
Error illegal static
declaration in inner class
Outer.Inner public static
void main(String[] args)
modifier ‘static’ is only
allowed in constant
variable declaration
An interface can also be
nested and nested interfaces have some interesting properties. We will be
covering nested interfaces in the next post.
2)Method Local inner
classes
Inner class can be
declared within a method of an outer class. In the following example, Inner is
an inner class in outerMethod().
class Outer {
void
outerMethod() {
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
//
Inner class is local to outerMethod()
class
Inner {
void
innerMethod() {
System.out.println("inside
innerMethod");
}
}
Inner
y = new Inner();
y.innerMethod();
}
}
class MethodDemo {
public
static void main(String[] args) {
Outer
x = new Outer();
x.outerMethod();
}
}
|
Output
Inside outerMethod
Inside innerMethod
Method Local inner classes
can’t use local variable of outer method until that local variable is not
declared as final. For example, the following code generates compiler error
(Note that x is not final in outerMethod() and innerMethod() tries to access
it)
class Outer {
void outerMethod()
{
int
x = 98;
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
class
Inner {
void
innerMethod() {
System.out.println("x=
"+x);
}
}
Inner
y = new Inner();
y.innerMethod();
}
}
class MethodLocalVariableDemo {
public static void
main(String[] args) {
Outer
x=new Outer();
x.outerMethod();
}
}
Output:
local variable x is
accessed from within inner class;
needs to be declared final
Note : Local inner
class cannot access non-final local variable till JDK 1.7. Since JDK 1.8, it is
possible to access the non-final local variable in method local inner class.
But the following code
compiles and runs fine (Note that x is final this time)
class Outer {
void outerMethod()
{
final
int x=98;
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
class
Inner {
void
innerMethod() {
System.out.println("x
= "+x);
}
}
Inner
y = new Inner();
y.innerMethod();
}
}
class MethodLocalVariableDemo {
public
static void main(String[] args){
Outer
x = new Outer();
x.outerMethod();
}
}
|
Output-:
Inside outerMethod
X = 98
The main reason we need to
declare a local variable as a final is that local variable lives on stack till
method is on the stack but there might be a case the object of inner class
still lives on the heap.
Method local inner class
can’t be marked as private, protected, static and transient but can be marked
as abstract and final, but not both at the same time.
4)Static nested classes
Static nested classes are
not technically an inner class. They are like a static member of outer class.
class Outer {
private static
void outerMethod() {
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
}
// A static inner
class
static class Inner
{
public
static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("inside
inner class Method");
outerMethod();
}
}
}
Output:
local variable x is
accessed from within inner class;
needs to be declared final
Note : Local inner
class cannot access non-final local variable till JDK 1.7. Since JDK 1.8, it is
possible to access the non-final local variable in method local inner class.
But the following code
compiles and runs fine (Note that x is final this time)
class Outer {
void outerMethod()
{
final
int x=98;
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
class
Inner {
void
innerMethod() {
System.out.println("x
= "+x);
}
}
Inner
y = new Inner();
y.innerMethod();
}
}
class MethodLocalVariableDemo {
public
static void main(String[] args){
Outer
x = new Outer();
x.outerMethod();
}
}
|
Output-:
Inside outerMethod
X = 98
The main reason we need to
declare a local variable as a final is that local variable lives on stack till
method is on the stack but there might be a case the object of inner class
still lives on the heap.
Method local inner class
can’t be marked as private, protected, static and transient but can be marked
as abstract and final, but not both at the same time.
4)Static nested classes
Static nested classes are
not technically an inner class. They are like a static member of outer class.
class Outer {
private static
void outerMethod() {
System.out.println("inside
outerMethod");
}
// A static inner
class
static class Inner
{
public
static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("inside
inner class Method");
outerMethod();
}
}
}
Output
inside inner class
Method
inside outerMethod
Anonymous inner classes
Anonymous inner classes
are declared without any name at all. They are created in two ways.
a) As subclass of
specified type
class Demo {
void
show() {
System.out.println("i
am in show method of super class");
}
}
class
Flavor1Demo {
//
An anonymous class with Demo as base class
static
Demo d = new Demo() {
void
show() {
super.show();
System.out.println("i
am in Flavor1Demo class");
}
};
public
static void main(String[] args){
d.show();
}
}
|
Output
i am in show method of
super class
i am in Flavor1Demo
class
In the above code, we
have two class Demo and Flavor1Demo. Here demo act as super class and
anonymous class acts as a subclass, both classes have a method show(). In
anonymous class show()
method is overridden.
a) As implementer
of the specified interface
class
Flavor2Demo {
//
An anonymous class that implements Hello interface
static
Hello h = new Hello() {
public
void show() {
System.out.println("i
am in anonymous class");
}
};
public
static void main(String[] args) {
h.show();
}
}
interface
Hello {
void
show();
}
Output:
i am in anonymous class
In above code we create an
object of anonymous inner class but this anonymous inner class is an implementer
of the interface Hello. Any anonymous inner class can implement only one
interface
at one time. It can either extend a class or implement interface at a
time.
91) What is
Collection use?
They allow to store heterogeneous objects.
92) How do you get
key when value is available from HashMap?
HashMap<Integer,String> hm=new
HashMap<Integer,String>();
hm.put(1,”ram”);
hm.put(2,”sri”);
hm.put(3,”mano”);
Set<Entry<Integer,String>>
set=hm.entrySet();
for(Map.Entry<Integer,String> me:set){
if(me.getValue()==”ram”)
s.o.p(“the
key value is:”+key):}
OR
Set s=hm.entrySet();
Iterator
itr=s.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext()){
Object mobj=itr.next();
Map.Entry me=(Map.Entry)mobj;
if(me.getValue()=="anu")
System.out.println("key
is:"+me.getKey() );}
93) How to convert
list into HashMap?
94) Some important
concepts:
--------------------------------------------
Introduction to Java
Classes
A class is nothing but a
blueprint or a template for creating different objects which defines its
properties and behaviors.
Java class objects exhibit
the properties and behaviors defined by its class.
A class can contain fields
and methods to describe the behavior of an object.
Methods are nothing but
members of a class that provide a service for an object or perform some
business logic.
Java fields and member
functions names are case sensitive. Current states of a class’s
corresponding object are
stored in the object’s instance variables. Methods define the operations that
can be performed in java programming.
A class has the following
general syntax:
<class modifiers>
class <class name>
<extends clause>
<implements clause>{
// Dealing with Classes
(Class body)
<field declarations
(Static and Non-Static)>
<method declarations
(Static and Non-Static)>
<Inner class
declarations>
<nested interface
declarations>
<constructor
declarations>
<Static initializer
blocks>
}
Below is an example
showing the Objects and Classes of the Cube class that defines 3 fields namely
length, breadth and height. Also the class contains a member function
getVolume().
public class Cube {
int length;
int breadth;
int height;
public int getVolume() {
return (length * breadth * height);
}
}
How do you reference a data
member/function?
This is
accomplished by stating the name of the object reference, followed by a period
(dot),
followed by the name of the member inside the object.(
objectReference.member ).
You call a method for an
object by naming the object followed by a period (dot), followed by the
name of
the method and its argument list, like this:
objectName.methodName(arg1,
arg2, arg3).
For example:
cubeObject.length = 4;
cubeObject.breadth = 4;
cubeObject.height = 4;
cubeObject.getvolume()
Class Variables /Static
Fields
We use class variables
also know as Static fields when we want to share characteristics across all
objects within a class. When you declare a field to be static, only a single
instance of the associated
variable is created common to all the objects of
that class. Hence when one object changes the value
of a class variable, it
affects all objects of the class. We can access a class variable by using the
name
of the class, and not necessarily using a reference to an individual
object within the class.
Static variables can be
accessed even though no objects of that class exist. It is declared using
static
keyword.
Class Methods /Static
Methods
Class methods, similar to
Class variables can be invoked without having an instance of the class.
Class
methods are often used to provide global functions for Java programs.
For example, methods in
the java.lang.Mathpackage are class methods. You cannot call non-static
methods
from inside a static method.
Instance Variables
Instance
variables stores the state of the object. Each class would have its own copy of
the variable.
Every object has a state that is determined by the values stored
in the object. An object is said to have changed its state when one or more
data values stored in the object have been modified. When an
object responds to
a message, it will usually perform an action, change its state etc. An object
that has
the ability to store values is often said to have persistence.
Consider this simple Java
program showing the use of static fields and static methods
// Class and Object
initialization showing the Object Oriented concepts in Java
class Cube {
int length = 10;
int breadth = 10;
int height = 10;
public static int numOfCubes = 0; // static
variable
public static int getNoOfCubes() { //static
method
return numOfCubes;
}
public Cube() {
numOfCubes++; //
}
}
public class
CubeStaticTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Number of Cube
objects = " + Cube.numOfCubes);
System.out.println("Number of Cube
objects = "
+ Cube.getNoOfCubes());
}
}
Output
Number of Cube objects = 0
Number of Cube objects = 0
Final Variable, Methods and Classes
1) In Java we can mark
fields, methods and classes as final. Once marked as final, these items cannot
be changed.
2) Variables defined in an
interface are implicitly final. You can’t change value of a final variable (is
a constant).
3) A final class can’t be
extended i.e., final class may not be subclassed. This is done for security
reasons
with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make
some
optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve.
4) A final method can’t be
overridden when its class is inherited. Any attempt to override or hide a
final
method will result in a compiler error.
Method Overloading
Method overloading results
when two or more methods in the same class have the same name but
different
parameters. Methods with the same name must differ in their types or number of
parameters.
This allows the compiler to match parameters and choose the correct
method when a number of
choices exist. Changing just the return type is not
enough to overload a method, and will be a compile
-time error. They must have a
different signature. When no method matching the input parameters is
found, the
compiler attempts to convert the input parameters to types of greater
precision. A match
may then be found without error. At compile time, the right
implementation is chosen based on the
signature of the method call
Below is an example of a
class demonstrating Method Overloading
public class
MethodOverloadDemo {
void sumOfParams() { // First Version
System.out.println("No
parameters");
}
void sumOfParams(int a) { // Second Version
System.out.println("One parameter:
" + a);
}
int sumOfParams(int a, int b) { // Third
Version
System.out.println("Two parameters:
" + a + " , " + b);
return a + b;
}
double sumOfParams(double a, double b) { //
Fourth Version
System.out.println("Two double
parameters: " + a + " , " + b);
return a + b;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
MethodOverloadDemo moDemo = new
MethodOverloadDemo();
int intResult;
double doubleResult;
moDemo.sumOfParams();
System.out.println();
moDemo.sumOfParams(2);
System.out.println();
intResult = moDemo.sumOfParams(10, 20);
System.out.println("Sum is "
+ intResult);
System.out.println();
doubleResult = moDemo.sumOfParams(1.1, 2.2);
System.out.println("Sum is "
+ doubleResult);
System.out.println();
}
}
Output
No parameters
One parameter: 2
Two parameters: 10 , 20
Sum is 30
Two double parameters: 1.1
, 2.2
Sum is 3.3000000000000003
Below is a code snippet to
shows the interfaces that a Class Implements:
Class cls = java.lang.String.class;
Class[] intfs =
cls.getInterfaces();
// [java.lang.Comparable,
java.lang.CharSequence, java.io.Serializable]
// The interfaces for a
primitive type is an empty array
cls = int.class;
intfs =
cls.getInterfaces(); // []
Below is a code snippet to
show whether a Class Object Represents a Class or Interface:
Class cls =
java.lang.String.class;
boolean isClass =
!cls.isInterface(); // true
cls =
java.lang.Cloneable.class;
isClass =
!cls.isInterface(); // false
95) Class loaders in Java
Class loaders in Java are part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and are responsible for dynamically loading classes into the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) during runtime.
Thanks to class loaders:
-
Java applications can load classes on demand, rather than all at once.
-
The JVM remains platform-independent, as it doesn’t deal directly with files or file systems.
🔰 Types of Built-in Class Loaders
Java provides three main types of built-in class loaders:
1. Bootstrap Class Loader
-
Loads: Core Java classes (e.g., java.lang.*, java.util.*)
-
Source: rt.jar or similar core library JARs (located in $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib)
-
Characteristics:
-
Part of the JVM, written in native code (not Java).
-
Has no parent, considered the root of the class loader hierarchy.
2. Extension (Platform) Class Loader
-
Loads: Classes from the extension directory.
-
Source: JAR files from $JAVA_HOME/lib/ext or specified by the java.ext.dirs system property.
-
Parent: Bootstrap Class Loader
3. System (Application) Class Loader
-
Loads: Classes from the application classpath.
-
Source: Directories and JARs specified by -cp or -classpath command-line options, or the CLASSPATH environment variable.
-
Parent: Extension Class Loader
🧩 Class Loader Hierarchy
Java follows a parent delegation model:
Each class loader delegates the loading request to its parent before attempting to load the class itself. This helps:
✅ Example:
If you try to use java.lang.String, the class loading process is:
-
System ClassLoader → delegates to
-
Extension ClassLoader → delegates to
-
Bootstrap ClassLoader → finds String.class in rt.jar 🔧 What is a Custom Class Loader?
A custom class loader allows you to override how and from where a Java class is loaded. Instead of loading classes from the default file system or classpath, you can load them:
🏗️ Creating a Custom Class Loader
You can create a custom class loader by extending the java.lang.ClassLoader class and overriding the findClass() method.
✅ Minimal Example:
🧪 Using the Custom Class Loader
⚙️ Key Methods in ClassLoader
| Method | Purpose |
|---|
findClass(String name) | Override this to define custom class loading logic. | defineClass() | Converts byte array into a Class object. | loadClass() | Main entry point, implements parent delegation (don’t override unless necessary). |
🔐 When to Use Custom Class Loaders
| Scenario | Example |
|---|
| Hot deployment | Load new versions of classes at runtime | | Modular plugins | Eclipse, IntelliJ use custom loaders for each plugin | | Dynamic class generation | Hibernate, Spring create proxy classes at runtime | | Security | Load encrypted or obfuscated classes |
⚠️ Important Notes
-
Always follow the parent delegation model, unless you have a specific reason not to.
-
Avoid breaking class compatibility (e.g., loading the same class from two class loaders will be treated as two different classes).
-
Use with caution: improper usage can lead to ClassCastException, LinkageError, or memory leaks (especially in web applications).
96) Remove duplicates From
List
import
java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
public class
RemDupFromList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List li = new ArrayList();
li.add("three");
li.add("one");
li.add("two");
li.add("one");// Duplicate
li.add("one");// Duplicate
// We have facility to pass a List into Set
constructor and vice verse to cast
List li2 = new ArrayList(new HashSet(li)); //
no order
// List li2 = new ArrayList(new
LinkedHashSet(li)); //If you need to preserve the order use 'LinkedHashSet'
Iterator it = li2.iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
}
}
}
97)Difference between Java Heap Space and Stack Memory
1.
Heap memory is used by all the parts of the
application whereas stack memory is used only by one thread of execution.
2.
Whenever an object is created, it’s always
stored in the Heap space and stack memory contains the reference to it. Stack
memory only contains local primitive variables and reference variables to
objects in heap space.
3.
Objects stored in the heap are globally
accessible whereas stack memory can’t be accessed by other threads.
4.
Memory management in stack is done in LIFO
manner whereas it’s more complex in Heap memory because it’s used globally.
Heap memory is divided into Young-Generation, Old-Generation etc, more details
at Java
Garbage Collection.
5.
Stack memory is short-lived whereas heap memory
lives from the start till the end of application execution.
6.
We can use -Xms and -Xmx JVM
option to define the startup size and maximum size of heap memory. We can
use -Xss to define the stack memory size.
8.
Stack memory size is very less when compared to
Heap memory. Because of simplicity in memory allocation (LIFO), stack memory is
very fast when compared to heap memory.
=========
Java memory model is divided between Thread Stacks (One for each thread) and a
heap area.
Thread Stack
It is a thread specific memory area and contains local
variables, methods call information etc. JVM stacks could be of fixed size or
variable size. If computation in a thread exceeds its stack size limit then JVM
throws StackOverflowError and exits.
Heap
It contains all the objects created during application
lifecycle. The heap is created when the virtual machine starts up. Garbage
collector reclaims heap storage for objects and objects are never explicitly
deallocated. The JVM is not using any automatic storage management system, and
it may vary as per the system requirements. The heap may be of a fixed size or
may vary as per requirement. The memory for the heap does not need to be
contiguous.
Static variables are stored on heap area and object stored
on the heap can be referred by references stored in thread stack.
Local variables are stored on stack area.
====
Memory that can be shared between threads is
called shared memory or heap memory.
All instance
fields, static fields, and array elements are stored in heap memory .
Local variables ( §14.4), formal
method parameters ( §8.4.1), and exception handler
parameters ( §14.20) are never shared between
threads and are unaffected by the memory model.
==========
A local variable may be of a primitive type, in which case
it is totally kept on the thread stack.
A local variable may also be a reference to an object. In
that case the reference (the local variable) is stored on the thread stack, but
the object itself if stored on the heap.
An object may contain methods and these methods may contain
local variables. These local variables are also stored on the thread stack,
even if the object the method belongs to is stored on the heap.
An object's member variables are stored on the heap along
with the object itself. That is true both when the member variable is of a
primitive type, and if it is a reference to an object.
Static class variables are also stored on the heap along
with the class definition.
Objects on the heap can be accessed by all threads that have
a reference to the object. When a thread has access to an object, it can also
get access to that object's member variables. If two threads call a method on
the same object at the same time, they will both have access to the object's
member variables, but each thread will have its own copy of the local variables.
Here is a diagram illustrating the points above:
98)The volatile keyword in Java
volatile is used to indicate that a variable's
value will be modified by different threads.
Declaring a volatile Java variable means:
The value of this variable will never be cached
thread-locally: all reads and writes will go straight to "main
memory";
Access to the variable acts as though it is enclosed in
a synchronized block,
synchronized on itself.
|
|
Characteristic
|
Synchronized
|
Volatile
|
Type of
variable
|
Object
|
Object or
primitive
|
Null allowed?
|
No
|
Yes
|
Can
block?
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
|
Yes
|
From Java
5 onwards
|
When synchronization happens
|
When you explicitly enter/exit a synchronized block
|
Whenever a volatile variable is accessed.
|
Can be used to combined several operations into an atomic
operation?
|
Yes
|
|
In other words, the main differences
between synchronized and volatile are:
a primitive variable may be
declared volatile (whereas you can't synchronize on a primitive
with synchronized);
an access to a volatile variable never has the
potential to block: we're only ever doing a simple read or write, so unlike
a synchronized block we will never hold on to any lock;
because accessing a volatile variable never holds a
lock, it is not suitable for cases where we want
to read-update-write as an atomic operation (unless we're prepared to
"miss an update");
a volatile variable that is an object reference may
be null (because you're effectively synchronizing on
the reference, not the actual object).
Attempting to synchronize on a null object will throw
a NullPointerException.
99)ThreadPool in Java
A thread pool is a group of threads initially created that
waits for jobs and executes them. The idea is to have the threads always
existing, so that we won't have to pay overhead time for creating them every
time. They are appropriate when we know there's a stream of jobs to process,
even though there could be some time when there are no jobs.
There
are various thread pools in java:
1)Single
Thread Executor : A thread pool with only one thread. So all the submitted
tasks will be executed sequentially. Method : Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
2)Cached
Thread Pool : A thread pool that creates as many threads it needs to execute
the task in parallel. The old available threads will be reused for the new
tasks. If a thread is not used during 60 seconds, it will be terminated and
removed from the pool. Method : Executors.newCachedThreadPool()
3)Fixed
Thread Pool : A thread pool with a fixed number of threads. If a thread is not
available for the task, the task is put in queue waiting for an other task to
ends. Method : Executors.newFixedThreadPool()
4)Scheduled
Thread Pool : A thread pool made to schedule future task. Method : Executors.newScheduledThreadPool()
5)Single
Thread Scheduled Pool : A thread pool with only one thread to schedule future
task. Method : Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor()
100)Why is Java not a pure OOP Language?
Java is a OOP language and it is not a pure Object Based
Programming Language. If any language is said to be pure Object Oriented
Programming language, then that language can satisfy with seven qualities.
These are :
i)Abstraction
ii)Encapsulation/Data Hiding
iii)Inheritance
iV)Polymorphism
v)All predefined types are objects
vi)All operations are performed by sending messages to
objects
vii)All user defined types are objects.
1)Java is not pure OOP language because it supports
Primitive data type such as int, byte, long... etc, to be used, which are not
objects.
Contrast with a pure OOP language like Smalltalk, where
there are no primitive types, and boolean, int and methods are all objects.
2)The static keyword: When we declares a class as
static then it can be used without the use of an object in Java. If we are
using static function or static variable then we can’t call that function or
variable by using dot(.) or class object defying object oriented feature.
Wrapper Class: Wrapper class provides the mechanism to
convert primitive into object and object into primitive. In Java, you can use
Integer, Float etc. instead of int, float etc. We can communicate with objects
without calling their methods. ex. using arithmetic operators.
String s1 = "ABC" + "A" ;
Even using Wrapper classes does not make Java a pure OOP
language, as internally it will use the operations like Unboxing and
Autoboxing. So if you create instead of int Integer and do any mathematical
operation on it, under the hoods Java is going to use primitive type int only.
|
public class BoxingExample
{
public static void main(String[]
args)
{
Integer
i = new Integer(10);
Integer
j = new Integer(20);
Integer
k = new Integer(i.intValue() + j.intValue());
System.out.println("Output:
"+ k);
}
}
|
In the above code, there are 2 problems where Java fails to
work as pure OOP:
While creating Integer class you are using primitive type
“int” i.e. numbers 10, 20.
While doing addition Java is using primitive type “int”.
101) How are you using
“Statement” like interface methods even without knowing their
implementations
classes in JDBC?
The Statement interface provides a standard
abstraction to execute SQL statements and return the
results using the
ResultSet objects.
A Statement object contains a single
ResultSet object at a time. The execute method of a Statement implicitly close
its current ResultSet if it is already open. PreparedStatement and
CallableStatement are two specialized Statement interfaces. You can create a
Statement object by
using the createStatement() method of the Connection
interface as:
Statement st =
con.createStatement();
//You can then execute the
statement, get the ResultSet and iterate over it:
ResultSet rs =
st.executeQuery("select * from employeeList");
while (rs.next()) {
System.out.println(rs.getString("empname"));
}
102) What is “IN”, “OUT”,
“INOUT” parameters?
in, out, inout are the modes of the variables in PL/SQl.
“
in” is input variable mode.
“out” is output variable mode.
“inout” is in-out variable mode.
103) What classes are there in Spring Environment?
Spring config.xml, SpringBean class,
SpringBean interface(POJI interface) and POJO class.
104) When I don’t want to
commit the ResultSet obj content, what to do?
con.setAutoCommit(“false”);
105) What is the difference
b/w “order by” and “group by”?
“order by”--> used to arrange the
data either in ascending or descending order.
“group by”--> allows aggregation
operations on a column .(having condition also).
106) What are the relations?
One to one
One to many
Many to one
Many to many.
107) What are the joins?
Cursors, views, stored procedures….
108) Which tools do you used
in design documents?
109) What is XML parser, SAX, DOM parsers?
110) Differences b/w
Statement and PreparedStatement apart from performance issue?
Q:
What are Statements types?
1) Statement: Statement is used to execute a
“query” only for one time in the entire application
execution.
2) PreparedStatement: PreparedStatement is
used to execute same “query” for multiple no. of times
with the same/different
values. It works with compiled query & allows place holders.
3) CallableStatement: It is used to execute
PL/SQL Procedures/functions from the Java appl.
111) How do you configured
Spring DAO?
In
contextApplication.xml
112) How to configure
“counter” to know no. of users visited
the website?
<%!
int count=0;
%>
<%
count++;
%>
<font color='green'
size=8>
The no of hits is:<%=count%>
</font>
113) How to invoke stored
procedures from a Java application?
Using CallableStatement &
prepareStatement();
114) What Design patterns do
you know?
MVC, Singleton class, Factory ,
FrontController, DAO class, D.T.O/V.O these are
design patterns I know
115) What is HB? What are
its files.
It is an ORM tool that is there to
develop DB independent persistence logic.
Hibernate-config.xml, Hibernate-mapping.xml, pojo class
116) How to integrate HB
with Spring?
The DAO implementation class of
spring must extends HibernateDAOSupport and
implements DAO interface.
117) How to integrate Struts
with Spring?
ContextLoaderServlet and
applicationContext.xml configured in struts-config.xml that is there
in web.xml
118) What are the
differences b/w BeanFactory and ApplicationContext?
BeanFactory (I) container ApplicationContext (I)
to develop spring core
applications. It is an advanced
& extended for BeanFactory.
It gives full fledged
spring features support like;
i) Bean property values
can be collected from
“outside properties file”.
ii) gives support for
Pre-Initialization of Beans.
iii) text messages can be collected from
outside property files to give support
for i18n.
iv) allows to work with EventHandling through
Listeners.
119) What are the
SessionTracking Techniques?
Session Tracking: is a technique by which the client data can
be remembered across
the multiple requests given by a client during a Session.
1) Hidden Form Fields
2) Http Cookies
3) HttpSession with
Cookies
4) HttpSession with
URL-rewriting.(best)
120) How to handle multiple submit buttons in a HTML form?
<input type=”submit” name=”s1”
value=”add”> </th>
<input type=”submit” name=”s1”
value=”delete”> </th>
<input type=”submit” name=”s1”
value=”modify”> </th>
Code for accessing the above data in
Servlet.
String
cap=request.getParameter(“s1”);
if(cap.equals(“add”)) {
---------- }
elseif(cap.equals(“delete”)) {
------------- }
else(cap.equals(“modify”)) {
------------ }
121) What you write to open a window?
Window.open(); in
Javascript
<a
href="javascript:;"
onClick="mm_openbrwindow('Mypage.html','','width=800, height=600,
scrollbars=no')">MyPage</a>
newwindow=window.open(url,'name','height=500,width=400,left=100,
top=100,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,status=yes');
122) Do you know CSS? What
can I do with CSS?
CSS is a style language
that defines layout of HTML documents. For example, CSS covers fonts,
colours,
margins, lines, height, width, background images, advanced positions and many
other things
123)What is the difference between CSS and HTML?
HTML is used to structure
content. CSS is used for formatting structured content.
124) Code for DataSource?
Context ct=new InitialContext();
Object obj=ct.lookUp(“ JNDI name
of dataSource reference”);
DataSource ds=(DataSource)obj;
Connecton con=ds.getConnection();
Statement st=con.createStatement();
--------------------
con.close();
125)
What is the return type of “executeUpdate()” ?
It is used to execute “Non-Select
queries” and
whose return type is “int”.
126) What is “OUTER join”?
Outer join supports 3types joins.These
are
i)left outer join
ii)right outer join
iii)full outer join
It gives both matching and non-matching
rows.
127) Why there are Directive
and Action tags in JSP?
Directive tags: perform Global operations on a page like
i)
importing packages,
ii)
working with tag-library
iii)
including other JSPs content and etc.,.
ex: page, include, taglib
Action tags:
are there to perform actions
during request-processing/execution phase of JSP.
Ex:
include, forward,useBean, setProperty, getProperty, param, plugin.
128) What is Expression tag
in JSP?
It is used to
i) evaluate a Java
expression & sends that result to
Browser-window. <%=a+b;%>
ii) display the variable values on the
Browser-window. <% int a=10;%>
<% =a %>
iii) call both pre-defined
& user-defined methods.
<%=sum(10,20)%> ,
<%=”raja”.length()%>
iv) instantiates java classes & to display
the default data of the object.
date and time is:<%=new
java.util.Date();%>
129) What is Self Join? A
table joins with itself.
sum(): select sum(salarycolumn) from tablename
group by salarycolumn;--groups the same
salaries into different
groups.
select sum(salarycolumn)
from tablename;-à gives total sum of salary column
130) What is Setter and Constructor
injection?
Setter Injection:
Setter Injection is a process of injecting/assigning the dependent values to
the Bean properties
by the spring container using Bean
class setXXX(-) methods.
Note:
In Spring Config.xml:
<property name=”age ”>
<value> 20</value>
</property>
Constructor Injection:
Constructor Injection is a process of
assigning/injecting the dependent values to the
Bean properties
by the spring container using
“parameterized Constructors”.
Note:
In Spring config.xml:
<constructor-arg>
<value>ramu</value>
</constructor-arg>
131) Can we use Setter
Injection when we use private Constructor?
No
132) What is “inverse=true”
in hbm file?
The Association is bi-directional.
133) How to establish
many to many association?
Declare one column as primary key in the Parent table.
Declare one column as primary key in the child table.
Take another table where above two primary keys will be declared
as foreign keys.
134) Can I
develop a spring application without hbm file.
Yes, by using “Annotation”
135) Can I
develop a spring application without spring config.xml?
Yes, by using Properties file.
136) What is
distributed transaction?
The transaction where two databases are used for a project.
137)
Differences b/w procedure & function?
Procedure
|
Function
|
1) may or may not return
value.
2) may returns one or
many
values(max.1024)
3) result is gathered only
through OUT
parameters.
|
must returns a value.
Must return exactly one value
through OUT parameters & return
value.
|
138) Difference b/w
Primary and Unique key?
Primary key:
Only one Primary key constraint can be applied to a table.
Primary key column won’t allow duplicates.
Primary key
column won’t allow NULL.
Unique key: one or many Unique key constraint can be
applied to one table.
It does n’t allows duplicates.
It allows NULL(only one time).
139) Explain Joins?
Purpose : to bind data together, across tables, without repeating
all of the data in every table.
JOIN: Return rows when there is at least one match in both tables
LEFT OUTER JOIN:
Return all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the
right
table
RIGHT OUTER JOIN: Return
all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the
left table
FULL OUTER JOIN:
Return rows when there is a match in one of the tables
SELF JOIN :
EQUI/INNER JOIN:
140) How do you
maintain bug tracking in your project?
Using JIRA tool.
JIRA is a Bug and Issue tracker. It has been designed:
• for Bug tracking
• aid in Project
Management
• enable Agile Development
There is a connection tool
to Eclipse that allows you to manage tasks, issues, builds, and code reviews
directly in your integrated development environment.
JIRA is the project
tracker for teams planning, building and launching great products.
Thousands of teams choose
JIRA to capture and organize issues, work through action items, and stay
up-to-date with team activity.
As your dev team
grows, so should your bug tracker. With our simple importer, it's easier than
ever
to get your issues into JIRA and watch your team destroy bugs with the
fury of a thousand mutant
dinosaurs.
Over 6,300 JIRA customers
have gone Agile with GreenHopper.
GreenHopper will make your
Agile adoption successful with presets for Scrum and Kanban.
Turbocharge JIRA
to improve visibility across teams and projects.
Have trouble seeing the
big picture? Or even the small picture? See clearly with JIRA 5.2.
The completely re-imagined
JIRA search experience lets you quickly find and organize your issues,
so you –
and your team – can focus on what matters most. Getting the job done!
141) What tool are
you using to write hundreds of fields for your project?
142) What code
styles are you following in IDE?
143) Procedure to
work with PreparedStatement in a Java application.
1).
Prepare a query having “positional/place” holders/”in
parameters”.ie.(?,?,?)
2).
Send the query to DB s/w, make the query as “pre-compiled query”
& represent
it through “PreparedStatement”.
3).
Set the values for place-holders using “setXXX(-,-)”.
4).
Execute the query.
5).
To execute the same query for multiple no. of times with
same/different values,
repeat steps 3 & 4 for multiple times.
6).
Close PreparedStatement object.
à
Pre-compiled query: a query that goes to DB & becomes
compiled-query without values, and also resides on DB.
It reduces
“Network traffic” b/w Java appl & DB s/w.
144) How to display
data from the table in HB?
SessionFactory sf = new
Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sf.openSession();
Transaction t = session.beginTransaction();
Student st = new
Student(); //pojo
//Displaying data from
Student table using HQL
Query qry =
session.createQuery("from Student");
List lt = qry.list();
// data saves into List with no restrictions
//Restrcting data based on
age condition
Criteria ct =
session.createCriteria(Student.class);
ct.add(Restrictions.age("studentAge", 20));
List lt = ct.list();
Iterator<Student> itr = lt.iterator();
// displays all records
System.out.println("Student no: \t Name :
\t Age");
while
(itr.hasNext()) {
Student student = itr.next();
System.out.println(student.getStudentId()+"\t"+
student.getStudentName()+"\t"+student.getStudentAge());
}
145) How to insert
one record into a Table (single row insertion)
student.setStudentName("sridhar");
student.setStudentAge(28);
session.save(student);
146) How to update
existing a table record?
student.setStudentId(5);
//primary key val
student.setStudentName("sridhar");
student.setStudentAge(28);
session.saveOrUpdate(st);
147) How to delete a
table record from HB session obj?
session.load(student, new Integer(1)); // load(Student.class, primarykey)
session.delete(student);
148) What are the
Escape characters in JSP?
149) How many ways
are there to invoke a Servlet object.
150) What is the
difference b/w Filter and Servlet?
151) What is syntax
for doFilter()?
152) Give me one
example for Detached state of an object in HB?
153) What is the
implementation class of SessionFactory?
LocalSessionFactoryBean
154) How do you
configure one to many and many to many for an single Hb application?
155) What is
Bi-directional and Uni-directional in HB?
inverse=”true”-àmeans bi-directional association.
Inverse=”false”àmeans uni -directional
assoiciation
156) How to do
Pagination?
157) Signature of
“validate()”?
Public ActionErrors validator(ActionMapping am, HttpServletRequest
req)
158) Write the code for CallableStatement?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
how we do configure spring
security in your project?
<!-- Spring
Security -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-security-core</artifactId>
<version>${spring.security.core.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<!-- <scope>compile</scope> -->
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-security-web</artifactId>
<version>${spring.security.core.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<!-- <scope>compile</scope> -->
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-security-config</artifactId>
<version>${spring.security.core.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<!-- <scope>compile</scope> -->
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-security-taglibs</artifactId>
<version>${spring.security.core.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<!-- <scope>compile</scope> -->
</dependency>
how we do configure spring
with mongoDB in your project?
<!-- Spring Data
MongoDB -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-data-mongodb</artifactId>
<version>${spring.data.mongodb.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- MongoDB Java Driver -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mongodb</groupId>
<artifactId>mongo-java-driver</artifactId>
<version>${mongodb.driver.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
how we do configure JUnit testing
dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>${junit.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
how we do configure Java
Mail API dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
<artifactId>mail</artifactId>
<version>1.4.7</version>
</dependency>
how we do configure log4j
dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
<dependency>
<groupId>log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
<version>${log4j.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
how we do configure RESTFul
dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.ws.rs</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.ws.rs-api</artifactId>
<version>2.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
how we do configure
Rest-Assured dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
Rest-Assured is an
open-source Java Domain-Specific Language (DSL). DSL for simplifying
testing
of REST based services built on top of HTTP Builder. It supports POST,
GET, PUT, DELETE,
OPTIONS, PATCH and HEAD requests and can be used to validate
and verify the response of these
requests.
<dependency>
<groupId>com.jayway.restassured</groupId>
<artifactId>rest-assured</artifactId>
<version>1.4</version>
</dependency>
how we do configure
JSON dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
<!-- Data Mapper
package is a high-performance data binding package built
on
Jackson JSON processor -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-mapper-asl</artifactId>
<version>${jackson.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<!--
Jackson is a high-performance JSON processor (parser, generator) -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-core-asl</artifactId>
<version>${jackson.version}</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.googlecode.json-simple</groupId>
<artifactId>json-simple</artifactId>
<version>1.1.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.json</groupId>
<artifactId>json</artifactId>
<version>20160807</version>
</dependency>
how we do configure
Spring-Boot dependencies in your project (Spring with maven)?
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.8.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath
/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-mail</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-cache</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
159) REST Vs SOAP
REST(REpresentational State Transfer)
REST is an architectural style. It doesn’t define so many standards like SOAP.
REST is for exposing
Public APIs (i.e. Facebook API, Google Maps API) over the internet to handle
CRUD operations on data.
REST is focused on
accessing named resources through a single consistent interface.
SOAP
(Simple Object Access Protocol)
SOAP brings its own protocol and focuses on exposing pieces of application
logic (not data) as
services. SOAP exposes operations. SOAP is focused on
accessing named operations, each operation implement some business logic.
Though SOAP is commonly referred to as web services this is
misnomer. SOAP
has a very little if anything to do with the Web. REST provides true Web
services
based on URIs and HTTP.
Why REST?
1) Since REST uses
standard HTTP it is much simpler in just about every way.
2) REST is easier to
implement, requires less bandwidth and resources.
3) REST permits many
different data formats whereas SOAP only permits XML.
4) REST allows better
support for browser clients due to its support for JSON.
5) REST has better
performance and scalability.
6) REST reads can be
cached, SOAP based reads cannot be cached.
7) If security is not a
major concern and we have limited resources. Or we want to create an API that
will be easily used by other developers publicly then we should go with REST.
8) If we need Stateless
CRUD operations then go with REST.
9) REST is commonly used
in social media, web chat, mobile services and Public APIs like Google
Maps.
10) RESTful service return
various MediaTypes for the same resource, depending on the
request header
parameter "Accept" as application/xml or application/json for
POST .
11) REST services are
meant to be called by the client-side application and not the end user
directly.
12) REST comes
from State Transfer. You transfer the state around instead of having
the server
store it, this makes REST services scalable.
Why SOAP?
1) SOAP is not very easy
to implement and requires more bandwidth and resources.
2) SOAP message request is
processed slower as compared to REST and it does not use web caching mechanism.
3) WS-Security: While
SOAP supports SSL (just like REST) it also supports WS-Security which
adds some
enterprise security features.
4)
WS-AtomicTransaction: Need ACID Transactions over a service, you’re going
to need SOAP.
5)
WS-ReliableMessaging: If your application needs Asynchronous processing
and a guaranteed leve
l of reliability and security. Rest doesn’t have a
standard messaging system and expects clients to
deal with communication
failures by retrying.
6) If the security is a
major concern and the resources are not limited then we should use SOAP
web
services. Like if we are creating a web service for payment gateways, financial
and
telecommunication related work then we should go with SOAP as here high
security is needed.
====================================================================
160)@Consumes and @Produces to
Customize Requests and Responses
The information sent
to a resource and then passed back to the client is specified as a MIME
media
type in the headers of an HTTP request or response. You can specify which MIME
media types of representations a resource can respond to or produce by using
the following
annotations:
javax.ws.rs.Consumes
javax.ws.rs.Produces
By default, a resource
class can respond to and produce all MIME media types of representations
specified in the HTTP request and response headers.
The @Produces annotation
is used to specify the MIME media types or representations a resource can
produce and send back to the client. If @Produces is applied at the
class level, all the methods in a resource can produce the specified MIME types
by default. If applied at the method level, the
annotation overrides
any @Produces annotations applied at the class level.
If no methods in a
resource are able to produce the MIME type in a client request, the JAX-RS
runtime sends back an HTTP “406 Not Acceptable” error.
The value
of @Produces is an array of String of MIME types. For
example:
@Produces({"image/jpeg,image/png"})
The following example
shows how to apply @Produces at both the class and method levels:
@Path("/myResource")
@Produces("text/plain")
public class SomeResource
{
@GET
public
String doGetAsPlainText() {
...
}
@GET
@Produces("text/html")
public
String doGetAsHtml() {
...
}
}
The doGetAsPlainText method
defaults to the MIME media type of the @Produces annotation at the
class level. The doGetAsHtml method’s @Produces annotation
overrides the class-level @Produces
setting and specifies that the
method can produce HTML rather than plain text.
If a resource class is
capable of producing more than one MIME media type, the resource method
chosen
will correspond to the most acceptable media type as declared by the client.
More specifically, the Accept header of the HTTP request declares
what is most acceptable.
For example, if
the Accept header is Accept: text/plain,
the doGetAsPlainText method will be
invoked. Alternatively, if
the Accept header is Accept: text/plain;q=0.9, text/html, which
declares
that the client can accept media types
of text/plain and text/html but prefers the latter,
the doGetAsHtml method will be invoked.
More than one media type
may be declared in the same @Produces declaration. The following code
example shows how this is done:
@Produces({"application/xml",
"application/json"})
public String
doGetAsXmlOrJson() {
...
}
The doGetAsXmlOrJson method
will get invoked if either of the media
types application/xml and application/json is acceptable.
If both are equally acceptable, the former
will be chosen because it occurs
first. The preceding examples refer explicitly to MIME media types
for clarity.
It is possible to refer to constant values, which may reduce typographical
errors.
The @Consumes annotation
is used to specify which MIME media types of representations a resource can
accept, or consume, from the client. If @Consumes is applied at the
class level, all the response
methods accept the specified MIME types by
default. If applied at the method level, @Consumes
overrides
any @Consumes annotations applied at the class level.
If a resource is unable
to consume the MIME type of a client request, the JAX-RS runtime sends back
an
HTTP 415 (“Unsupported Media Type”) error.
The value
of @Consumes is an array of String of acceptable MIME
types. For example:
@Consumes({"text/plain,text/html"})
The following example
shows how to apply @Consumes at both the class and method levels:
@Path("/myResource")
@Consumes("multipart/related")
public class SomeResource
{
@POST
public
String doPost(MimeMultipart mimeMultipartData) {
...
}
@POST
@Consumes("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
public
String doPost2(FormURLEncodedProperties formData) {
...
}
}
The doPost method
defaults to the MIME media type of the @Consumes annotation at the
class level. The doPost2 method overrides the class
level @Consumes annotation to specify that it
can accept
URL-encoded
form data.
If no resource methods can
respond to the requested MIME type, an HTTP 415
(“Unsupported Media
Type”)
error is returned to the client.
The HelloWorld example
discussed previously in this section can be modified to set the message by
using @Consumes, as shown in the following code example:
@Consumes("text/plain")
public void postClichedMessage(String
message) {
//
Store the message
}
In this example, the Java
method will consume representations identified by the MIME media
type
text/plain. Note that the resource method returns void. This
means that no representation is returned
and that a response with a status code
of HTTP 204 (“No Content”) will be returned.
161) Spring Features
Spring is the most popular
application development framework for enterprise Java. Millions of
developers
around the world use Spring Framework to create high performing, easily
testable, and
reusable code.
Spring framework is an
open source Java platform. It was initially written by Rod Johnson and was
first released under the Apache 2.0 license in June 2003.
Spring is lightweight when
it comes to size and transparency. The basic version of Spring framework
is
around 2MB.
The core features of the
Spring Framework can be used in developing any Java application, but there
are
extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform. Spring
framework targets
to make J2EE development easier to use and promotes good
programming practices by enabling a
POJO-based programming model.
162) Benefits of Using the Spring Framework
Following is the list of
few of the great benefits of using Spring Framework −
1) Spring enables
developers to develop enterprise-class
applications using POJOs. The
benefit of
using only POJOs is that you do not need an EJB container product
such as an application server
but you have the option of using only a robust
servlet container such as Tomcat or some commercial
product.
2) Spring is organized in
a modular
fashion.
Even though the number of packages and classes are
substantial, you have to
worry only about the ones you need and ignore the rest.
3) Spring does not reinvent the wheel, instead it
truly makes use of some of the existing technologies
like several ORM frameworks, logging
frameworks, JEE, Quartz and JDK timers, and other view technologies.
4) Testing an application written with
Spring is simple because
environment-dependent code is
moved into this framework. Furthermore, by using
JavaBeanstyle POJOs, it becomes easier to use dependency injection for
injecting test data.
5) Spring's web framework
is a well-designed
web MVC framework,
which provides a great
alternative to web frameworks such as Struts or other
over-engineered or less popular web frameworks.
6) Spring provides a convenient API to translate
technology-specific exceptions (thrown
by JDBC, Hibernate, or JDO, for example) into consistent, unchecked exceptions.
7) Spring has Lightweight IoC containers tend to be lightweight,
especially when compared to EJB containers, for example. This is beneficial for
developing and deploying applications on
computers with limited memory and CPU
resources.
8) Spring provides a consistent transaction
management interface that
can scale down to a local
transaction (using a single database, for example)
and scale up to global transactions (using JTA, for example).
9) Dependency Injection (DI)
The technology that Spring
is most identified with is the Dependency Injection (DI) flavor of
Inversion of Control. The Inversion
of Control (IoC) is a
general concept, and it can be expressed
in many different ways. Dependency
Injection is merely one concrete example of Inversion of
Control.
When writing a complex
Java application, application classes should be as independent as possible
of
other Java classes to increase the possibility to reuse these classes and to test
them independently
of other classes while unit testing.
Dependency injection can
happen in the way of passing parameters to the constructor or by
post-construction using setter methods. As Dependency Injection is the heart of
Spring Framework,
we will explain this concept in a separate chapter with
relevant example.
10) Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP)
One of the key components
of Spring is the Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) framework. The
functions that span multiple points of an application are called cross-cutting
concerns and these
cross-cutting concerns are conceptually separate from
the application's business logic. There are
various common good examples of
aspects including logging, declarative transactions, security,
caching, etc.
The key unit of modularity
in OOP is the class, whereas in AOP the unit of modularity is the aspect.
DI
helps you decouple your application objects from each other, while AOP helps
you decouple
cross-cutting concerns from the objects that they affect.
The AOP module of Spring
Framework provides an aspect-oriented programming implementation
allowing you
to define method-interceptors and pointcuts to cleanly decouple code that
implements functionality that should be separated.
163) What is Spring Boot?
Spring Boot is a Framework
from “The Spring Team” to ease the bootstrapping and development of
new Spring
Applications.
It provides defaults for
code and annotation configuration to quick start new Spring projects within
no
time. It follows “Opinionated Defaults Configuration” Approach to avoid lot of
boilerplate code
and configuration to improve Development, Unit Test and
Integration Test Process.
What is NOT Spring Boot?
Spring Boot Framework is
not implemented from the scratch by The Spring Team, rather than
implemented on
top of existing Spring Framework (Spring IO Platform).
It is not used for solving
any new problems. It is used to solve same problems like Spring Framework.
Why Spring Boot?
To ease the Java-based
applications Development, Unit Test and Integration Test Process.
To reduce Development,
Unit Test and Integration Test time by providing some defaults.
To increase Productivity.
Don’t worry about what is
“Opinionated Defaults Configuration” Approach at this stage. We will
explain
this in detail with some examples in coming posts.
Advantages of Spring Boot:
It is very easy to develop
Spring Based applications with Java or Groovy.
It reduces lots of
development time and increases productivity.
It avoids writing lots of
boilerplate Code, Annotations and XML Configuration.
It is very easy to
integrate Spring Boot Application with its Spring Ecosystem like Spring JDBC,
Spring ORM, Spring Data, Spring Security etc.
It follows “Opinionated
Defaults Configuration” Approach to reduce Developer effort
It provides Embedded HTTP
servers like Tomcat, Jetty etc. to develop and test our web applications
very
easily.
It provides CLI (Command
Line Interface) tool to develop and test Spring Boot(Java or Groovy)
Applications from command prompt very easily and quickly.
It provides lots of
plugins to develop and test Spring Boot Applications very easily using
Build
Tools like Maven and Gradle
It provides lots of
plugins to work with embedded and in-memory Databases very easily.
164) Difference between
Procedure and Function
Procedure
|
Function
|
1) Used mainly to a execute
certain process.
2) Cannot call in SELECT
statement.
3 Use OUT parameter to return
the value
4) It is not mandatory to
return the value.
5) RETURN will simply exit the
control from subprogram.
6) Return datatype will not be
specified at the time of creation.
|
1) Used mainly to perform some
calculation.
2) A Function that contains no
DML statements
can be called in SELECT statement.
3) Use RETURN to return the
value
4) It is mandatory to return
the value.
5) RETURN will exit the control
from
subprogram and also returns the value.
6) Return datatype is mandatory
at the time .
|
165) Explain the JSP life-cycle
methods?
1. Page translation: The
page is parsed & a Java file containing the corresponding servlet is
created.
2. Page compilation:
The Java file is compiled.
3. Load class:
The compiled class is loaded.
4 .Create instance:
An instance of the servlet is created.
5. Call jspInit():
This method is called before any other
method to allow initialization.
6. Call _jspService():
This method is called for each request. (can’t be overridden)
7. Call jspDestroy(): The
container calls this when it decides take the instance out of service.
It is the last method called n the servlet instance.
166) What are
differences b/w Servlets & Jsp?
Servlets:
i) Servlets
requires Recompilation and Reloading when we do modifications in a
Servlet.
(some servers)
ii) Every
Servlet must be configured in “web.xml”.
iii) Servlets is
providing less amount of implicit objects support.
iv) Since it
consists both HTML & bussiness logic hence modification in one logic may
disturbs
the other logic.
v) No
implicit Exception Handling support.
vi) Since Servlets
requires strong Java knowledge hence non-java programmers shows no interest.
vii) Keeping HTML
code in Servlets is quite complex.
JSP:
i) No
need of Recompilation & Reloading when we do modifications in a JSP page.
ii) We need
not to Configure a JSP in a “web.xml”.
iii) Jsp is
providing huge amount of Implicit Objects support.
iv) Since
Html & Java code are separated hence no disturbance while changing logic.
v) Jsp is
providing implicit XML Exception Handling support.
vi) Jsp is
easy to learn & implement since it is tags based.
vii) Jsp allows to
develop custom tags.
viii) Jsp gives JSTL
support.
(JSP Standard Tag
Library--> It provides more tags that will help to develop a JSP
without
using Java code).
ix) Jsp gives all
benefits of Servlets.
167) What are the functions
of service()?
protected void
service(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, java.io.IOException
Receives standard HTTP
requests from the public service method and dispatches them to the doXXX
methods defined in this class. This method is an HTTP-specific version of the
public void
service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)
throws ServletException, java.io.IOException
Dispatches client requests
to the protected service method.
There's no
need to override this method.
168) How do we get
the container related information?
By
using “ServletContext” object. we can create ServletContext object in two
ways.
First way :
public class
TestServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void service(HttpServletRequest req
,HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException
{
ServletConfig
cg=getServletConfig();
ServletContext sc=cg.getServletContext();
====== usage of ServletContext object
here ====
}
}
|
Second way :
public class
TestServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void service(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException ,IOException
{
ServletConfig sc=getServletContext();
======
usage of ServletContext object here ====
}
}
|
169) What are the functions
of a FilterServlet?
FilterServlet traps
all the requests & responses.
Container creates the Filter object when the web application is deployed.
170) Which JSP tag is
used to display error validation?
In
Source page:
<%@page
errorPage=”error-page-name.jsp”>
In
Error page:
<%@page
isErrorPage=”true”>
171) How to compile a
JSP page?
your jsps. It does this by compiling the jsps in a project
and inserting servlet and servlet mapping
entries into the final web.xml
file, which gets packaged into the project's war file.
To use it, you need
references to jspc-maven-plugin and maven-war-plugin in your project's pom.xml.
The precompiling takes place during the "compile" phase of the maven
build (default) lifecycle.
The jspc maven plugin writes the servlet and servlet
mappings to a target/jspweb.xml file, and the
maven war plugin copies this file
and uses it in the war file that it builds.
<!-- begin -
precompiling jsps -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>jspc-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>jspc</id>
<goals>
<goal>compile</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<webXml>${basedir}/target/jspweb.xml</webXml>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<!-- end - precompiling jsps -->
172) How do you forward
Servlet1 request to Servlet2?
ServletContext sc=getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher rd =sc.getRequestDispatcher(“/s2url”);
//” or html file name”
rd.forward(req,resp); (or) rd.include(req,resp);
173) How do you make
the variables applicable to the whole application in JSP?
JSP declarations are used to declare class variables and methods
(both instance and static) in a JSP page. These declations will be placed
directly at class level in the generated servlet and these are available to the
entire JSP.
174) What are
ServletListeners?
Source obj
|
Event
|
Listener
|
EventHandling methods (public
void
|
ServletRequest
ServletContext
HttpSession
|
ServletRequestEvent(sre)
ServletContextEvent(sce)
HttpSessionEvent (hse)
|
ServletRequestListener
ServletContextListener
HttpSessionListener
|
requestInitialized(sre)
requestDestroyed(sre)
contextInitialized(sce)
contextDestroyed(sce)
sessionCreated(hse)
sessionDestroyed(hse)
|
From Servlet 2.4 onwards, EventHandling is
allowed on special objects of webapplication
like ServletContext, ServletRequest, HttpSession objects.
ServletRequest:
By doing EventHandling on ServletRequest object,
we can keep track of
each “request” object creation time
& destruction time. Based on this, we can
find out “request processing time”.
HttpSession:
By performing EventHandling on HttpSession object,
we can find out
“session” object creation time &
destruction time. Based on this, we can
know the time taken by the each user to work with “session”.
Procedure to configure Listeners with webapplication
1) Develop
a Java class implementing appropriate “Listener”
& place
it in WEB-INF/classes folder.
2) Configure
that Listener class name in web.xml by using <listener-class>
175) What is a
Session?
Session: It is a set of related & continuous
requests given by a client to a web application.
Ex: SignIn
to SignOut in any Mail Systems Application like Gmail, Ymail etc…
176) How do you
maintain client data at client side?
Cookies
177)
Difference b/w GET and POST methods?
GET
|
POST
|
1) It is a default Http
request method
2) Query string is visible in
Browser
address bar
hence no data Secrecy.
3) It allows to send limited
amount of
data(1kb)
4) It is not suitable
for File uploading.
5) It is not suitable
for sending Enscripted data.
6) It shows Idempotent behaviour.
7) Use either doGet(-,-) or
service(-,-)
to process this.
|
Not a default
method.
It gives data
Secrecy.
Unlimited amount of
data.
Suitable for File
uploading.
Suitable.
Non-Idempotent.
Use either doPost(-,-)
or service(-,-)
|
178) What is
Idempotent behavior?
It is the behavior like processing the multiple same
requests from the same web page.
179) How the POST is not having Idempotent
behavoiur?
180) What are the
different Scopes in JSP?
request, page, session, application
181) How to disable
“Cache” ?
<%
resp.setHeader(“cache-control”, ”no-cache”);%>
(<meta http-equiv=”cache-control” content=”no-cache”>
<%resp.setHeader(“pragma”,”no-cache”);%>
//http1.0
OR
<meta http-equiv=”pragma” content=”no-cache”>)
182) What is default
Scope in JSP?
page
183) How to configure
a JavaBean in JSP?
<jsp:useBean>
184) How the JSP
code is converting into Servlet code?
JSP parser/Engine/compiler
185) What is “useBean”?
JSP standard tag to configure a Java Bean in JSP.
186) What is Servlet
Chaining?
Servlet Chaining is a method of processing the request using multiple
servlets as a chain.
187) What is Servlet
life-cycle?
1. If an instance of the servlet
does not exist, the Web container
a. Loads the servlet
class.
b. Creates an instance of
the servlet class.
c. Initializes the servlet
instance by calling the init method.
2.
Invokes the service method, passing a request and response object.
3.
If the container needs to remove the servlet, it finalizes the servlet by
calling
the servlet's destroy method.
188) What are the differences
b/w Servlet and JSP?
For every time we modifing the servlet , we should re-deploy the servlet.
Its very big headache.
Manually written servlets are somewhat faster than JSPs.
JSP:
i) No
need of Recompilation & Reloading when we do modifications in a JSP page.
ii) We need
not to Configure a JSP in a “web.xml”.
iii) It is
providing huge amount of Implicit Objects support.
iv) Since
Html & Java code are separated hence no disturbance while changing logic.
v) It is
providing implicit XML Exception Handling support.
189) What is
“isThreadSafe=true” in JSP?
It makes the equivalent servlet as thread safe.
The “JSP equivalent Servlet” will implement
SingleTreadModel(I) implicitely.
190) What is custom
Servlet?
The servlet that extending pre-defined Servlet (ie
HttpServlet/GenericServlet/Servlet)
191) What Is a Custom Tag?
A custom tag is a
user-defined JSP language element. When a JSP page containing a custom tag
is
translated into a servlet, the tag is converted to operations on a tag handler.
The web container
then invokes those operations when the JSP page’s servlet is
executed.
Custom tags have a rich
set of features. They can
• Be customized by means
of attributes passed from the calling page.
• Pass variables back to
the calling page.
• Access all the objects
available to JSP pages.
• Communicate with each
other. You can create and initialize a JavaBeans component, create a public
EL(Expression Language) variable that refers to that bean in one tag, and then
use the bean in
another tag.
• Be nested within one
another and communicate by means of private variables.
Table 9-2 Tag Handler Methods
Tag Type
|
Interface
|
Methods
|
Basic
|
Tag
|
doStartTag, doEndTag
|
Attributes
|
Tag
|
doStartTag, doEndTag, setAttribute1,...,N, release
|
Body
|
Tag
|
doStartTag, doEndTag, release
|
Body, iterative evaluation
|
IterationTag
|
doStartTag, doAfterBody, doEndTag, release
|
Body, manipulation
|
BodyTag
|
doStartTag, doEndTag, release, doInitBody, doAfterBody
|
192) Is the Servlet
thread-Safe by default?
No, the servlet by default is not Thread safe. To achieve
this, the servlet must implements
SingleThreadModel interface OR synchronize
the service().
193) Which JSP methods
can be overridden?
jspInit() & jspDestroy().
194) What are the common
files when 5 or more projects are developed using Hibernate ?
Hibernate-configuration file
195) Can I call a
procedure from a HB? How?
Yes.
1)In hibernate main file,
we have to set getNamedQuery("-") after openSession() method.
Query query =
session.getNamedQuery("callStockStoreProcedure");
query .setParameter("stockCode",
"7277");
List result =
query.list();
for(int i=0;
i<result.size(); i++){
Stock
stock = (Stock)result.get(i);
System.out.println(stock.getStockCode());
}
2) In hibernate mapping
file we have to set <sql-query> after </class>
<sql-query
name="callStockStoreProcedure" callable="true">
<return alias="emp" class="Stock "/>
{ call
get_stockdetails() }
</sql-query>
196) Can I use a big
query in HB?
Yes.
197) Tell me few
Hibernate interfaces?
i) Configuration(c),
ii) SessionFactory,
iii) Session,
iv) Transaction,
v) Query
198) How do you create
“Criteria”?(to do select operations.)
Criteria criteria=session.createCriteria(EmpBean.class);
// select *
from Employee where eid between 100 and 200 and firstname in
(“raja”,”ramana”));
Condition: 1
criteria=criteria.add(Expression.between(“no”,new Integer(100)),new
Integer(200));
Condition: 2
criteria=criteria.add(Expression.in(“fname”,new String
[]{“raja”,”ramana”} )));
List
l=ct.list(); //
retrieves more selected records
for(int x=0;x<l.size();x++){
EmpBean emp=(EmpBean) l.get(x);
S.o.p(emp.getNo()+”\t”+emp.getFname()+”\t”+emp.getLname()+”\t”+emp.getEmail());
199) What is
Hibernate configuration file?
HB dialect, DB Driver class, Driver class URL, Username,
Password.
200) Why the people
using frameworks?
201) What is POJO
& POJI model programming?
The programming with no api dependent classes/interfaces
202) What is
“Caching “ mechanism?
Hibernate has
caching mechanism.It means
To minimize n/w round trips.
“Session” is default and
“SessionFactory’ explicitly configured.
203) Do you know
“restriction” and “expression”?
Expression.between()
Expression.in()
204) What is Java? Java is a high-level, object - oriented, platform independent programming language designed for developing wide range of applications such as web applications, mobile applications, enterprise applications, desktop applications. It was introduced by sun microsystems in 1995 (now owned by Oracle) Jave uses a combination of compiler & interpreter to convert code into byte code which can run on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it as high portable.
205) How do you
configure “one to many” association in Hibernate?
Example:
==========
Step1) In Parent POJO
class,we need a collection property for representing/storing a group of
child
objects associated.
//User.java (Parent POJO
class)
import java.util.*;
public class User {
private long userId ;
private String firstName ;
private Set phones; //
phones is a collection property
//
wrtie setXxx(-), getXxx() methods
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
public long getUserId() {
return userId;
}
public void setUserId(long userId) {
this.userId = userId;
}
public Set getPhones() {
return phones;
}
public void setPhones(Set phones) {
this.phones=phones;
}
}//class
//PhoneNumber.java (Child
POJO class)
public class PhoneNumber
{
private String numberType;
private long phone ;
private long id;
// write setXxx(-) and getXxx() methods
}
Step 2) In the Parent
class mapping the collection property with the collection element
(i.e.,
set,list,map)
<?xml
version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE
hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd" >
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="User" table="USER_TABLE" >
<id name="userId" column="USER_ID"/>
<property name="firstName"
column="FIRST_NAME"/>
<set name="phones"
table="PHONE_NUMBERS" cascade="all"
lazy="true">
//set ---àcollecton element
<key column="UNID"/>
//UNID -àforeign key
<one-to-many class="PhoneNumber" />
</set>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
Step 3)In main java file
i)add
the group of child objects to the collection object
Set s=new
HashSet(); //s--àcollection object
s.add(ph1);
s.add(ph2);
ii)Add
the collection object to parent object
u1.setPhones(s); //u1 --àparent object
For complete main java
file code
==============================
//TestClient (ClentApp)
import org.hibernate.*;
import
org.hibernate.cfg.*;
import java.util.*;
public class TestClient {
public static void
main(String[] args)
{
try
{
Session ses=new
Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory().openSession();
Transaction tx = ses.beginTransaction();
User u1=new User();
u1.setUserId(105);
u1.setFirstName("raja1");
PhoneNumber ph1=new PhoneNumber();
ph1.setNumberType("residence");
ph1.setPhone(65538968);
PhoneNumber ph2=new
PhoneNumber();
ph2.setNumberType("office");
ph2.setPhone(65538958);
Set s=new HashSet();
s.add(ph1);
s.add(ph2);
// setting PhoneNumber
class objs to phones property of User obj
u1.setPhones(s);
//To Insert record
ses.save(u1);
tx.commit();
ses.close();
}//try
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}//main
}//class
206) What are the uses with Hibernate?
i) It allows to develop DB independent query language like HQL.
ii) It supports POJO/POJI model programming.
iii)
Any Java/J2EE can access HB persistence logic.
iv)
It supports to call all Procedures & Functions of PL/SQL programming.
v) The result after “SELECT” operation, by default, is
“Serializable”.
207) How to connect with DB?
Class.forName(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”);
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:oracle:thin:@<IPadress>:1521”,
”orcl”,”scott”,”tiger”);
Statement st=con.createStatement();
// ResultSet rs=st.execute(“select query”);
(or)
// int
x=st.executeUpdate(“Non-select query”);
208) What is
dialect?
Using dialect, Hibernate knows the type of DB & its version to
which it will connected.
209) How do you map
HB Pojo class with Table?
<hibernate-mapping default-cascade="none"
default-access="property" default-lazy="true"
auto-import="true">
<class
name="CustomerOrder" table="CustomerOrder"
mutable="true" polymorphism="implicit"
dynamic-update="false" dynamic-insert="false"
select-before-update="false"
optimistic-lock="version">
<composite-id
name="orderId" class="OrderId" mapped="false"
unsaved-value="undefined">
<key-property name="customerId" column="customer_id"
/>
<key-property
name="orderTime" column="order_time" />
</composite-id>
<property
name="orderDescription" unique="false"
optimistic-lock="true" lazy="false"
generated="never" />
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
210)Spring annotations:
For spring to process annotations, add the following lines in your application-context.xml file.<context:annotation-config /><context:component-scan base-package="...specify your package name..." /> @ServiceAnnotate all your service classes with @Service. All your business logic should be in Service classes.@Service
public class CompanyServiceImpl implements CompanyService {
...
}
@RepositoryAnnotate all your DAO classes with @Repository. All your database access logic should be in DAO classes.@Repository
public class CompanyDAOImpl implements CompanyDAO {
...
}
@ComponentAnnotate your other components (for example REST resource classes) with @Component.@Component
public class ContactResource {......
}
@Component is a generic stereotype for any Spring-managed component. @Repository, @Service, and @Controller are specializations of @Component for more specific use cases, for example, in the persistence, service, and presentation layers, respectively.
@Component Other class-level annotations may be considered as identifying a component as well, typically a special kind of component: e.g. the @Repository annotation or AspectJ's @Aspect annotation. 211)....ComponentScanConfigures component scanning directives for use with @Configuration classes. Provides support parallel with Spring XML's <context:component-scan> element. Either basePackageClasses or basePackages (or its alias value) may be specified to define specific packages to scan. If specific packages are not defined, scanning will occur from the package of the class that declares this annotation. Note that the <context:component-scan> element has an annotation-config attribute; however, this annotation does not. This is because in almost all cases when using @ComponentScan, default annotation config processing (e.g. processing @Autowired and friends) is assumed. Furthermore, when using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext, annotation config processors are always registered, meaning that any attempt to disable them at the @ComponentScan level would be ignored. 212)....Scope When used as a type-level annotation in conjunction with @Component, @Scope indicates the name of a scope to use for instances of the annotated type. When used as a method-level annotation in conjunction with @Bean, @Scope indicates the name of a scope to use for the instance returned from the method. NOTE: @Scope annotations are only introspected on the concrete bean class (for annotated components) or the factory method (for @Bean methods). In contrast to XML bean definitions, there is no notion of bean definition inheritance, and inheritance hierarchies at the class level are irrelevant for metadata purposes. In this context, scope means the lifecycle of an instance, such as singleton, prototype, and so forth. Scopes provided out of the box in Spring may be referred to using the SCOPE_* constants available in the ConfigurableBeanFactory and WebApplicationContext interfaces. @Scope is a Spring-managed components in general, the default and most common scope for autodetected components is singleton. To change this default behavior, use @Scope spring annotation. @Component
@Scope("request")
public class ContactResource {
...
}
Similarly, you can annotate your component with @Scope("prototype") for beans with prototype scopes.To register additional custom scopes, see CustomScopeConfigurer.
213)Spring MVC Annotations @ControllerAnnotate your controller classes with @Controller. @Controller
public class CompanyController {
...
}
@RequestMapping@RequestMapping spring annotation is used to map URLs onto an entire class or a particular handler method. Typically the class-level annotation maps a specific request path (or path pattern) onto a form controller, with additional method-level annotations narrowing the primary mapping. .....RequestMapping @Target(value={METHOD, TYPE}) Annotation for mapping web requests onto methods in request-handling classes with flexible method signatures. Both Spring MVC and Spring WebFlux support this annotation through a RequestMappingHandlerMapping and RequestMappingHandlerAdapter in their respective modules and package structure. For the exact list of supported handler method arguments and return types in each, please use the reference documentation links below: @Controller
@RequestMapping("/company")
public class CompanyController {
@Autowired
private CompanyService companyService;
...
}
@PathVariable@PathVariable spring annotation is used on a method argument to bind it to the value of a URI template variable. In our example below, a request path of /company/sample will bind companyName variable with 'sample' value. @Controller
@RequestMapping("/company")
public class CompanyController {
@Autowired
private CompanyService companyService;
@RequestMapping("{companyName}")
public String getCompany(Map<String, Object> map,
@PathVariable String companyName) {
Company company = companyService.findByName(companyName);
map.put("company", company);
return "company";
}
...
}
@RequestParam@RequestParam annotation is used to bind request parameters to method variables. @Controller
@RequestMapping("/company")
public class CompanyController {
@Autowired
private CompanyService companyService;
@RequestMapping("/companyList")
public String listCompanies(Map<String, Object> map,
@RequestParam int pageNum) {
map.put("pageNum", pageNum);
map.put("companyList", companyService.listCompanies(pageNum));
return "companyList";
}
...
}
Similarly, you can use spring annotation @RequestHeader to bind request headers. @ModelAttributeAn @ModelAttribute on a method argument indicates the argument should be retrieved from the model. If not present in the model, the argument should be instantiated first and then added to the model. Once present in the model, the argument's fields should be populated from all request parameters that have matching names. This is known as data binding in Spring MVC, a very useful mechanism that saves you from having to parse each form field individually. @Controller
@RequestMapping("/company")
public class CompanyController {
@Autowired
private CompanyService companyService;
@RequestMapping("/add")
public String saveNewCompany(@ModelAttribute Company company) {
companyService.add(company);
return "redirect:" + company.getName();
}
...
}
@SessionAttributes@SessionAttributes spring annotation declares session attributes. This will typically list the names of model attributes which should be transparently stored in the session, serving as form-backing beans between subsequent requests. @Controller
@RequestMapping("/company")
@SessionAttributes("company")
public class CompanyController {
@Autowired
private CompanyService companyService;
...
}
@SessionAttribute works as follows: - @SessionAttribute is initialized when you put the corresponding attribute into model (either explicitly or using @ModelAttribute-annotated method).
- @SessionAttribute is updated by the data from HTTP parameters when controller method with the corresponding model attribute in its signature is invoked.
- @SessionAttributes are cleared when you call setComplete() on SessionStatus object passed into controller method as an argument.
The following listing illustrate these concepts. It is also an example for pre-populating Model objects. @Controller
@RequestMapping("/owners/{ownerId}/pets/{petId}/edit")
@SessionAttributes("pet")
public class EditPetForm {
@ModelAttribute("types")
public Collection<PetType> populatePetTypes() {
return this.clinic.getPetTypes();
}
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
public String processSubmit(@ModelAttribute("pet") Pet pet,
BindingResult result, SessionStatus status) {
new PetValidator().validate(pet, result);
if (result.hasErrors()) {
return "petForm";
}else {
this.clinic.storePet(pet);
status.setComplete();
return "redirect:owner.do?ownerId="
+ pet.getOwner().getId();
}
}
}
Spring Security Annotations@PreAuthorize@PreAuthorize annotation is used to authorize or deny a functionality in Spring Security . In our example below, only a user with Admin role has the access to delete a contact. @Transactional
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('ROLE_ADMIN')")
public void removeContact(Integer id) {
contactDAO.removeContact(id);
}
A convenience annotation that is itself annotated with @Controller and @ResponseBody. Types that carry this annotation are treated as controllers where @RequestMapping methods assume @ResponseBody semantics by default. NOTE: @RestController is processed if an appropriate HandlerMapping-HandlerAdapter pair is configured such as the RequestMappingHandlerMapping-RequestMappingHandlerAdapter pair which are the default in the MVC Java config and the MVC namespace.
216) ...ControllerIndicates that an annotated class is a "Controller" (e.g. a web controller). This annotation serves as a specialization of @Component, allowing for implementation classes to be autodetected through classpath scanning. It is typically used in combination with annotated handler methods based on the org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping annotation. 217)....SpringBootApplication Indicates a configuration class that declares one or more @Bean methods and also triggers auto-configuration and component scanning. It's a combination of three annotations:
@Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration and @ComponentScan. 218).....EntityScan Configures the base packages used by auto-configuration when scanning for entity classes. Using @EntityScan will cause auto-configuration to: One of basePackageClasses(), basePackages() or its alias value() may be specified to define specific packages to scan. If specific packages are not defined scanning will occur from the package of the class with this annotation. 219)....EnableAutoConfiguration Enable auto-configuration of the Spring Application Context, attempting to guess and configure beans that you are likely to need. Auto-configuration classes are usually applied based on your classpath and what beans you have defined. For example, if you have tomcat-embedded.jar on your classpath you are likely to want a TomcatServletWebServerFactory (unless you have defined your own ServletWebServerFactory bean). When using SpringBootApplication, the auto-configuration of the context is automatically enabled and adding this annotation has therefore no additional effect. Auto-configuration tries to be as intelligent as possible and will back-away as you define more of your own configuration. You can always manually exclude() any configuration that you never want to apply (use excludeName() if you don't have access to them). You can also exclude them via the spring.autoconfigure.exclude property. Auto-configuration is always applied after user-defined beans have been registered. The package of the class that is annotated with @EnableAutoConfiguration, usually via @SpringBootApplication, has specific significance and is often used as a 'default'. For example, it will be used when scanning for @Entity classes. It is generally recommended that you place @EnableAutoConfiguration (if you're not using @SpringBootApplication) in a root package so that all sub-packages and classes can be searched. Auto-configuration classes are regular Spring Configuration beans. They are located using the SpringFactoriesLoader mechanism (keyed against this class). Generally auto-configuration beans are @Conditional beans (most often using @ConditionalOnClass and @ConditionalOnMissingBean annotations). 220).....CrossOrigin Annotation for permitting cross-origin requests on specific handler classes and/or handler methods. Processed if an appropriate HandlerMapping is configured. Both Spring Web MVC and Spring WebFlux support this annotation through the RequestMappingHandlerMapping in their respective modules. The values from each type and method level pair of annotations are added to a CorsConfiguration and then default values are applied via CorsConfiguration.applyPermitDefaultValues(). The rules for combining global and local configuration are generally additive -- e.g. all global and all local origins. For those attributes where only a single value can be accepted such as allowCredentials and maxAge, the local overrides the global value. See CorsConfiguration.combine(CorsConfiguration) for more details. 221)How to reverse a String in Java? import java.util.Scanner; public class ReverseString1 { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc =new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter any string:"); String s = sc.next(); sc.close(); //String s = "swamy raju"; String str = new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString(); System.out.println("reverse string is:"+str); String rs =""; for(int i =s.length()-1;i>=0;i--) { rs = rs+s.charAt(i); } System.out.println("The reverse string is:"+rs); } }
222)How to swap two numbers without using a third variable?
public class swap { public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 10, b = 20; a = a+b; b =a-b; a = a-b; System.out.println(a); System.out.println(b); } }
223)Separate vowels and consonants from given string
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Set; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class SepVowCon {
public static void main(String[] args) { String str = "Hi this is swamy, separating vowels and consonants"; List<Character> vowels = Arrays.asList('a','e','i','o','u'); Set<Character> charSet = str.chars().mapToObj(e->(char)e).collect(Collectors.toSet()); List<Character> listVowels = charSet.stream().filter(ch->vowels.contains(ch.toLowerCase(ch))).collect(Collectors.toList()); List<Character> listConsonants = charSet.stream().filter(ch->!vowels.contains(ch.toLowerCase(ch))).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("The listVowels"+listVowels); System.out.println("The listConsonants"+listConsonants); } }
224)Java program to check if the given number is Prime
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PrimeNumberOrNot { public static void main(String args[]) { int i, m = 0, flag = 0; Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter the integer:"); int number = sc.nextInt(); m = number / 2; if (number == 0 || number == 1) { System.out.println(number + " is not prime number"); } else { for (i = 2; i <= m; i++) { if (number % i == 0) { System.out.println(number + " is not prime number"); flag = 1; break; } } if (flag == 0) { System.out.println(number + " is prime number"); } } // end of else } }
225a)Check given string is palindrome or not
public class StringPalindrome { public static void main(String args[]) {
// Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); // System.out.println("Please enter string: "); // String str=sc.nextLine(); String str = "strts"; String revstr = ""; int strlength = str.length(); for (int i = strlength - 1; i >= 0; i--) revstr = revstr + str.charAt(i); if (str.equals(revstr)) System.out.println(str + " is a palindrome."); else System.out.println(str + " is not a palindrome."); } }
225b)Check given number is palindrome or not
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PalindromeNumberOrNot { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter any number:"); int n = sc.nextInt(); sc.close();
if (isPalindrome(n)) { System.out.println("Palindrome"); } else { System.out.println("Not a palindrome"); } }
private static boolean isPalindrome(int n) { int original = n; int reversed = reverseNumber(n); return original == reversed; }
private static int reverseNumber(int n) { int reversed = 0; while (n > 0) { reversed = reversed * 10 + n % 10; n /= 10; } return reversed; } }
226)Print number of largest polindrome in a string
import java.util.Scanner;
public class LargestPalindromeInString { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter a string:"); String input = sc.nextLine(); sc.close();
String largestPalindrome = findLargestPalindrome(input); System.out.println("The largest palindrome in the string is: " + largestPalindrome); }
// Method to find the largest palindrome private static String findLargestPalindrome(String str) { String largestPalindrome = "";
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) { // Odd-length palindromes String oddPalindrome = expandAroundCenter(str, i, i); if (oddPalindrome.length() > largestPalindrome.length()) { largestPalindrome = oddPalindrome; }
// Even-length palindromes String evenPalindrome = expandAroundCenter(str, i, i + 1); if (evenPalindrome.length() > largestPalindrome.length()) { largestPalindrome = evenPalindrome; } }
return largestPalindrome; }
// Helper method to expand around center and check for palindrome private static String expandAroundCenter(String str, int left, int right) { while (left >= 0 && right < str.length() && str.charAt(left) == str.charAt(right)) { left--; right++; } return str.substring(left + 1, right); } }
227)Fibonacci Series
import java.util.Scanner; public class NonRecursiveFibonacci {
public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate:"); int n = sc.nextInt(); sc.close(); int firstFibonacci = 1; int secondFibonacci = 1; System.out.println(firstFibonacci); System.out.println(secondFibonacci); for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) { int currentFibonacci = firstFibonacci + secondFibonacci; System.out.println(currentFibonacci); firstFibonacci = secondFibonacci; secondFibonacci = currentFibonacci; } } }
228) How to remove Whitespaces from String
//need to add below deppendency in pom.xml file
<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency>
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils public class RemoveWhitespaces { public static void main(String[] args) { // String input = " Hello World ! "; // String result = StringUtils.deleteWhitespace(input); // System.out.println("String without whitespaces: \"" + result + "\""); String input = " Hello world ! "; String result =StringUtils.deleteWhitespace(input); System.out.println("String without whitespaces:"+result); } }
229) Sorting an array
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class ArraySort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Integer Array
Integer[] arr = {5, 3, 9, 4, 6, 99};
System.out.println("Original Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
// Ascending using Stream
List<Integer> ascSorted = Arrays.stream(arr)
.sorted()
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Sorted (Ascending): " + ascSorted);
// Descending using Stream
List<Integer> descSorted = Arrays.stream(arr)
.sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Sorted (Descending): " + descSorted);
// Bubble sort remains as an algorithm example (not stream-based)
Integer[] bubble = {5, 3, 9, 4, 6, 99};
for (int i = 0; i < bubble.length - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < bubble.length - i - 1; j++) {
if (bubble[j] > bubble[j + 1]) {
int temp = bubble[j];
bubble[j] = bubble[j + 1];
bubble[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}
System.out.println("Bubble Sorted: " + Arrays.toString(bubble));
// String Array
String[] strArr = {"banana", "apple", "cherry", "date"};
System.out.println("Original String Array: " + Arrays.toString(strArr));
// Alphabetical sort
List<String> sortedStrings = Arrays.stream(strArr)
.sorted()
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Sorted Strings (Alphabetical): " + sortedStrings);
// Sort by length
List<String> sortedByLength = Arrays.stream(strArr)
.sorted(Comparator.comparingInt(String::length))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Sorted by Length: " + sortedByLength);
// List sorting with streams
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(5, 2, 8, 1, 3));
System.out.println("Original List: " + list);
// Sort ascending using streams
List<Integer> sortedListAsc = list.stream()
.sorted()
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("List Sorted (Ascending): " + sortedListAsc);
// Sort descending using streams
List<Integer> sortedListDesc = list.stream()
.sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("List Sorted (Descending): " + sortedListDesc);
// Custom sort with stream (Even first, then odd)
List<Integer> evenFirst = list.stream()
.sorted((a, b) -> {
if (a % 2 == 0 && b % 2 != 0) return -1;
if (a % 2 != 0 && b % 2 == 0) return 1;
return a - b;
})
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("List Sorted (Even First): " + evenFirst);
}
}
230) Find factorial of an integer?
public class Factorial { public static void main(String[] args) { int number = 5; // Input number long factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= number; i++) { factorial *= i; }
System.out.println("Factorial of " + number + " is: " + factorial); } }
231) Find common elements from 2 arrays
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class CommonElementsin2Arrays { public static void main(String[] args) { Integer[] array1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; Integer[] array2 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
List<Integer> common = Arrays.stream(array1) .filter(num -> Arrays.asList(array2).contains(num)) .distinct() .collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Common Elements: " + common); } }
232) How to get distinct characters and their count in a String?
import java.util.Map; import java.util.function.Function; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class DistinctCharacters_imp { public static void main(String[] args) { String input = "programming";
Map<Character, Long> charCountMap = input.chars().mapToObj(c -> (char) c) .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Function.identity(), Collectors.counting()));
System.out.println("Distinct Characters and Counts: " + charCountMap); } }
233) Difference between Java8 filter, groupby
The filter and groupBy operations in Java 8 serve different purposes in the Stream API. 1. Filter:
Filter is used to filter the elements from a stream based on a condition (predicate).
and it returns only those elements that match the predicate.
Method Signature: Stream<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate);
Use Case: Filter is used to retrieve a subset of elements from a collection or stream.
Example:
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class FilterExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
// Filter even numbers List<Integer> evenNumbers = numbers.stream() .filter(num -> num % 2 == 0) .collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Even Numbers: " + evenNumbers); } }
2. groupBy:
groupBy is used to the group elements of a stream into a Map based on a classifier function.
and it returns a Map<K, List<T>> where K is the key generated by the classifier and List<T> is the list of items sharing the same key
Method: It is not directly part of the Stream API but is achieved using Collectors.groupingBy().
Use case: groupBy is used to categorize elements of a stream based on a specific property.
Example: import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class GroupByExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> words = Arrays.asList("apple", "banana", "apricot", "blueberry", "cherry", "avocado");
// Group words by their first letter Map<Character, List<String>> groupedByFirstLetter = words.stream() .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(word -> word.charAt(0)));
System.out.println("Grouped Words: " + groupedByFirstLetter); } }
Key Differences:| Feature | Filter | GroupBy |
|---|
| Purpose | Filters elements based on a condition. | Groups elements based on a classifier function. | | Result | A Stream or collection with filtered elements. | A Map with grouped elements. | | Return Type | Stream<T> | Map<K, List<T>> | | Example Use | Get even numbers from a list. | Group words by their starting letter. |
234) Java map() and to toMap() Programs
1. map():
map() is used to transform elements in a stream into another form. It operates on each element and produces a new stream with transformed elements. and it returns a Stream<R>, where R is the transformed type.
Use Case: map() is used to data transformation or mapping from one type to another (e.g., from String to Integer or from lowercase to uppercase).
Example:
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class MapExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Swamy", "Pranu", "Srihan");
// Convert names to uppercase using map() List<String> upperCaseNames = names.stream() .map(String::toUpperCase) .collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Uppercase Names: " + upperCaseNames); } }
2. toMap():
toMap() is used to collect stream elements into a Map by applying key and value mapping functions.
and it returns a Map<K, U>, where K is the key and U is the value.
Use case: toMap() is used to create mappings (e.g., name to length, product to price).
Example: import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class ToMapExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Swamy", "Pranu", "Srihan");
// Create a map where key is the name and value is the length of the name Map<String, Integer> nameLengthMap = names.stream() .collect(Collectors.toMap( name -> name, // Key mapper name -> name.length() // Value mapper ));
System.out.println("Name Length Map: " + nameLengthMap); } }
Key Differences:| Feature | map() | toMap() |
|---|
| Purpose | Transforms elements in a stream. | Collects elements into a Map. | | Result | Produces a transformed Stream<R>. | Produces a Map<K, U> with custom key-value pairs. | | Return Type | A Stream with transformed elements. | A Map with keys and values derived from the stream. | | Use Case | Data transformation (e.g., convert to uppercase). | Create a mapping (e.g., name to length). |
CombinedExample:
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class CombinedExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Swamy", "Pranu", "Srihan");
// Convert names to uppercase and collect them into a map Map<String, Integer> upperCaseNameLengthMap = names.stream() .map(String::toUpperCase) // Transform names to uppercase .collect(Collectors.toMap( name -> name, // Key mapper name -> name.length() // Value mapper ));
System.out.println("Uppercase Name Length Map: " + upperCaseNameLengthMap); } }
235) Java 8 convert list into map
Converting a List to a Map in Java 8 involves using the Stream API and the Collectors.toMap() method. The process can vary depending on the requirements, such as defining the keys and values, handling duplicate keys, and customizing the map's behavior.
1. Basic Conversion- Purpose:
Convert a list to a map by defining how the keys and values are derived from the list elements.
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class ListToMapBasicExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Swamy", "Pranu", "Srihan");
// Convert list to map where key is the name and value is the length of the name Map<String, Integer> nameLengthMap = names.stream() .collect(Collectors.toMap( name -> name, // Key mapper name -> name.length() // Value mapper ));
System.out.println("Name Length Map: " + nameLengthMap); } }
2. Handling Duplicate Keys- If there are duplicate keys (e.g., two elements that map to the same key),
toMap() will throw an IllegalStateException. - To handle this, you can provide a merge function to resolve conflicts.
3. Custom Map Implementation- By default,
toMap() creates a HashMap. You can specify a custom Map implementation, such as TreeMap or LinkedHashMap.
Exampleimport java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors; import java.util.TreeMap;
public class ListToMapCustomMap { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Swamy", "Pranu", "Srihan");
// Use a TreeMap for sorted keys Map<String, Integer> nameLengthMap = names.stream() .collect(Collectors.toMap( name -> name, // Key mapper name -> name.length(), // Value mapper (existing, replacement) -> existing, // Merge function TreeMap::new // Custom map supplier ));
System.out.println("Name Length Map: " + nameLengthMap); } } 4. Complex Object Conversion- Convert a list of custom objects into a map by specifying a property for the key and another property (or the object itself) for the value.
Exampleimport java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
class Employee { private int id; private String name;
// Constructor public Employee(int id, String name) { this.id = id; this.name = name; }
// Getters public int getId() { return id; }
public String getName() { return name; }
@Override public String toString() { return "Employee{id=" + id + ", name='" + name + "'}"; } }
public class ListToMapComplexExample { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Employee> employees = Arrays.asList( new Employee(1, "Swamy"), new Employee(2, "Pranu"), new Employee(3, "Srihan") );
// Convert list to map where key is employee ID and value is the employee object Map<Integer, Employee> employeeMap = employees.stream() .collect(Collectors.toMap( Employee::getId, // Key mapper employee -> employee // Value mapper ));
System.out.println("Employee Map: " + employeeMap); } }
236) Functional interface in java 8
In Java, a functional interface is an interface that contains exactly one abstract method. Functional interfaces can have any number of default and static methods, but only one abstract method. They are primarily used as the target for lambda expressions and method references, enabling functional programming in Java.
Key Points About Functional Interfaces- Marked with the
@FunctionalInterface annotation (optional but recommended to indicate intent). - Can contain
default and static methods. - Used with lambda expressions for concise code.
The java.util.function package provides several built-in functional interfaces, such as Predicate, Consumer, Supplier, etc. Example: Custom Functional Interface @FunctionalInterface
interface MyFunctionalInterface {
void displayMessage(String message);
} public class FunctionalInterfaceExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyFunctionalInterface messagePrinter = (message) -> {
System.out.println("Message: " + message);
};
messagePrinter.displayMessage("Hello, Functional Interface!");
}
} Example: Using Built-in Functional Interface (Predicate) The Predicate<T> functional interface takes a single input and returns a boolean result. import java.util.function.Predicate;
public class PredicateExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Predicate to check if a number is greater than 10
Predicate<Integer> isGreaterThanTen = (num) -> num > 10;
// Test the predicate
System.out.println(isGreaterThanTen.test(15)); // Output: true
System.out.println(isGreaterThanTen.test(8)); // Output: false
}
}
237) Lambda Expressions in Java 8
A lambda expression is a concise way to represent an anonymous function in Java. It simplifies the implementation of functional interfaces, making the code more readable and concise.
Syntax of a Lambda Expression:
(parameters) -> expression
(parameters) -> { statements; }
Key Points:
lambda expression is used to implement functional interfaces (interfaces with a single abstract method). And it eliminates the need for anonymous inner classes.
Example 1: Basic Lambda Expression
@FunctionalInterface
interface Greeting {
void sayHello(String name);
}
public class LambdaExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Greeting greet = (name) -> System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");
greet.sayHello("Alice");
}
}
Example 2: Using Lambda Expression with Runnable
public class LambdaRunnableExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread 1 is running");
}
});
thread1.start();
Thread thread2 = new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Thread 2 is running"));
thread2.start();
}
}
Example 3: Using Lambda with a Built-in Functional Interface (Consumer)The Consumer<T> functional interface takes an input and performs some action, without returning a result. import java.util.function.Consumer;
public class LambdaConsumerExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Consumer<String> printMessage = message -> System.out.println("Message: " + message);
printMessage.accept("Lambda Expressions are powerful!");
}
} Example 4: Using Lambda with Streams import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class LambdaStreamExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
numbers.forEach(number -> System.out.println(number * 2));
}
}
Benefits of Lambda Expressions- Conciseness: Reduces boilerplate code.
- Readability: Simplifies the implementation of single-method interfaces.
- Improved Efficiency: Especially with collections and streams, lambda expressions make code easier to write and maintain.
238) Method References in Java 8
Method references are a shorthand notation of a lambda expression that executes a specific method. They improve readability by directly referencing existing methods instead of defining a lambda that calls the method.
Types of Method References: Static Method Reference: ClassName::staticMethodNameInstance Method Reference: instance::instanceMethodNameReference to an Instance Method of an Arbitrary Object: ClassName::instanceMethodNameConstructor Reference: ClassName::newExamples of Method ReferencesExample 1: Static Method Reference:import java.util.function.Consumer;
public class StaticMethodReferenceExample {
public static void printMessage(String message) {
System.out.println("Static Method: " + message);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Consumer<String> consumer = StaticMethodReferenceExample::printMessage;
consumer.accept("Hello from static method!");
}
}
Example 2: Instance Method Reference: import java.util.function.Consumer;
public class InstanceMethodReferenceExample {
public void showMessage(String message) {
System.out.println("Instance Method: " + message);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
InstanceMethodReferenceExample example = new InstanceMethodReferenceExample();
Consumer<String> consumer = example::showMessage;
consumer.accept("Hello from instance method!");
}
}
Example 3: Reference to an Instance Method of an Arbitrary Object
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class ArbitraryObjectMethodReference {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie");
names.stream()
.map(String::toUpperCase)
.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Example 4: Constructor Reference
import java.util.function.Supplier;
class Person {
private String name;
public Person() {
this.name = "Default Name";
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
public class ConstructorReferenceExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Supplier<Person> personSupplier = Person:: new;
Person person = personSupplier.get();
System.out.println( "Person Name: " + person.getName());
}
}
Benefits of Method References- Improves Readability: More concise than lambda expressions.
- Reusable Code: Directly we can pass references in existing methods.
- Integration with Functional Interfaces: Works seamlessly with Java's built-in functional interfaces.
Use Cases- Simplifying lambda expressions when the method already exists.
- Processing collections using Streams API.
- Implementing functional interfaces in a clean and readable way.
239) Internal working of Hash Map, Hashset, concurrent hashmap.
1. HashMapA HashMap is a collection that stores data in key-value pairs and provides constant-time performance (O(1)) for basic operations like insert, delete, and lookup, assuming the hash function disperses elements properly among the buckets. Internal Structure of HashMap: 1.Hashing Mechanism: a)HashMap uses a hash function to map keys to an index (bucket) in an internal array called a bucket array. b)Each bucket stores a linked list (or tree in case of high collision) of Node objects containing the key, value, hash, and a reference to the next node. 2.Node Structure: static class Node<K, V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K, V> next;
} 3.Collision Handling: Hash collisions are handled using chaining. Multiple keys with the same hash index are stored in a linked list or binary tree. 4.Load Factor and Rehashing: - Load factor (default: 0.75) determines when the HashMap should resize.
- When the number of elements exceeds
capacity * load factor, the HashMap doubles its size and rehashes all elements.
import java.util.HashMap;
public class HashMapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("Alice", 30);
map.put("Bob", 25);
map.put("Charlie", 35);
System.out.println(map.get("Alice"));
}
} 2. HashSetA HashSet is a collection that uses a HashMap internally to store elements. It allows no duplicates and provides constant-time performance (O(1)) for basic operations like add, remove, and contains. Internal Structure of HashSet: a)HashSet uses a HashMap to store elements. b)Each element in the HashSet is stored as a key in the HashMap, with a constant dummy value (PRESENT). import java.util.HashSet;
public class HashSetExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add("Apple");
set.add("Banana");
set.add("Apple"); // Duplicate, won't be added
System.out.println(set); // Output: [Apple, Banana]
}
}
3. ConcurrentHashMapA ConcurrentHashMap is a thread-safe version of a HashMap that allows multiple threads to access it concurrently without compromising performance. Internal Structure of ConcurrentHashMap: a)Segmentation: i)Before Java 8: Used a segmented locking mechanism (separate locks for different buckets). ii)From Java 8: Replaced segmentation with a bucket-level locking mechanism and improved performance using a ConcurrentLinkedQueue or binary trees for collision handling. b)Thread Safety: i)Multiple threads can operate on different buckets concurrently. ii)Locks are applied at the bucket level, not the entire map. c)No Null Values: ConcurrentHashMap does not allow null keys or null values to avoid ambiguity during concurrent access. Example: import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
public class ConcurrentHashMapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
map.put("John", 50);
map.put("Jane", 60);
System.out.println(map.get("John"));
}
} Comparison Table| Feature | HashMap | HashSet | ConcurrentHashMap |
|---|
| Thread Safety | Not thread-safe | Not thread-safe | Thread-safe | | Null Keys/Values | 1 null key, many null values | Allows null elements | Does not allow null keys or values | | Performance | Fast (single thread) | Fast (single thread) | Good (multithreaded access) | | Collision Handling | Linked List / Tree | Same as HashMap | Concurrent buckets |
240) Difference Between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap
| Feature | HashMap | ConcurrentHashMap |
|---|
| Thread Safety | Not thread-safe. | Thread-safe, supports concurrent access. | | Null Keys/Values | Allows one null key and multiple null values. | Does not allow null keys or null values. | | Concurrency | Fails under concurrent modifications without external synchronization. | Optimized for multi-threaded environments using bucket-level locking. | | Locking Mechanism | No locking; requires explicit synchronization for thread safety. | Uses bucket-level locking for better concurrency. | | Performance | Fast for single-threaded applications. | Performs well under multi-threaded scenarios. | | Iteration | May throw a ConcurrentModificationException during concurrent modifications. | No ConcurrentModificationException during iteration. | | Read and Write Operations | Reads and writes are not atomic. | Reads are lock-free; writes lock buckets instead of the whole map. | | Use Case | Suitable for single-threaded or low-concurrency applications. | Suitable for high-concurrency applications. |
HashMap Example (Not Thread-Safe):
import java.util.HashMap;
public class HashMapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("Swamy", 25);
map.put("Srihan", 30);
System.out.println("Swamy's age: " + map.get("Swamy"));
Thread writer = new Thread(() -> map.put("Raju", 35));
Thread reader = new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Raju's age: " + map.get("Raju")));
writer.start();
reader.start();
}
}
Potential Issues with HashMap in Multi-threaded Scenarios: - Data Corruption: Simultaneous writes may lead to inconsistent state.
- ConcurrentModificationException: Iteration during modification may fail.
ConcurrentHashMap Example (Thread-Safe):
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
public class ConcurrentHashMapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
map.put("Swamy", 25);
map.put("Srihan", 30);
Thread writer = new Thread(() -> map.put("Raju", 35));
Thread reader = new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Raju's age: " + map.get("Raju")));
writer.start();
reader.start();
map.forEach((key, value) -> System.out.println(key + ": " + value));
}
}
Features of ConcurrentHashMap: - Thread Safety: Operations like
put(), get(), and remove() are thread-safe. - Fine-Grained Locking: Only the bucket being modified is locked, allowing other threads to access different buckets.
- No Blocking for Reads: Read operations do not block even if writes are occurring on other buckets.
Key Points- Use HashMap when thread-safety is not required, and the application is single-threaded or has minimal concurrency.
- Use ConcurrentHashMap in multi-threaded environments to avoid data corruption and improve performance with concurrent access.
241) Difference between SynchronizedMap and ConcurrentHashMap
Difference Between SynchronizedMap and ConcurrentHashMap| Feature | SynchronizedMap (via Collections.synchronizedMap) | ConcurrentHashMap |
|---|
| Thread Safety | Thread-safe using a single lock on the entire map. | Thread-safe using bucket-level locking (lock striping). | | Locking Mechanism | Entire map is locked during all operations, including reads and writes. | Locks individual buckets, allowing higher concurrency. | | Concurrency Level | Only one thread can access the map at a time. | Multiple threads can operate on different buckets simultaneously. | | Performance | Slower due to single lock for the entire map. | Faster due to fine-grained locking. | | Iteration | Must explicitly synchronize during iteration to avoid ConcurrentModificationException. | No explicit synchronization required during iteration. | | Null Keys/Values | Allows one null key and multiple null values. | Does not allow null keys or null values. | | Use Case | Suitable for applications with low concurrency requirements. | Ideal for high-concurrency applications. |
SynchronizedMap Example:
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class SynchronizedMapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String, Integer> synchronizedMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>());
synchronizedMap.put("Swamy", 25);
synchronizedMap.put("Srihan", 30);
Thread writer = new Thread(() -> synchronizedMap.put("Raju", 35));
Thread reader = new Thread(() -> System.out.println(synchronizedMap.get("Raju")));
writer.start();
reader.start();
synchronized (synchronizedMap) {
synchronizedMap.forEach((key, value) -> System.out.println(key + ": " + value));
}
}
} Key Notes: - Must explicitly synchronize the map during iteration.
- A single lock reduces throughput in multi-threaded environments.
ConcurrentHashMap Example:
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
public class ConcurrentHashMapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> concurrentMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
concurrentMap.put("Swamy", 25);
concurrentMap.put("Srihan", 30);
Thread writer = new Thread(() -> concurrentMap.put("Raju", 35));
Thread reader = new Thread(() -> System.out.println(concurrentMap.get("Raju")));
writer.start();
reader.start();
concurrentMap.forEach((key, value) -> System.out.println(key + ": " + value));
}
}
Key Features: - No need for explicit synchronization during iteration.
- Supports higher concurrency with bucket-level locking.
When to UseSynchronizedMap: - Use when the application is single-threaded or has low concurrency.
- Preferable when minimal synchronization overhead is acceptable.
ConcurrentHashMap: - Use in high-concurrency applications to ensure better performance.
- Ideal when frequent reads and writes are required.
242. java 8 -> count occurrences of the characters in given string
Example1 : Countcharacters using Function
import java.util.Map; import java.util.function.Function; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class CountCharacters1 {
public static void main(String[] args) { String word = "AAABBB"; Map<String, Long> charCount = word.codePoints().mapToObj(Character::toString) .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Function.identity(), Collectors.counting())); System.out.println(charCount);
}
}
Example2 : Countcharacters using getOrDefault method import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class CountCharacters2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String word = "AAABBBcccc";
Map<Character, Integer> charCount = new HashMap<>();
for (Character ch : word.toCharArray()) {
charCount.put(ch, charCount.getOrDefault(ch, 0) + 1);
}
System.out.println(charCount);
}
}
243: the sum of the squares of all odd numbers in a given list using Java 8's Streams API with parallel execution Given : List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
The code should generate the following result.
1²+3²+5²=35
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class SquaresOfOdd{
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
int sum = numbers.parallelStream()
.filter(n -> n % 2 == 1)
.map(n -> n * n)
.reduce(0, Integer::sum);
System.out.println(sum);
}
}
244: Write the program for reverses the order of words String str= this is a string Output: string a is this
Example with Collections.reverse(), String.join():
import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.Arrays;
class ReverseOrderOfWords1 { public static void main(String[] args) { String input = "this is a string"; List<String> words = Arrays.asList(input.split(" ")); Collections.reverse(words); String result = String.join(" ", words); System.out.println(result); } }
Example with StringBuilder: class ReverseOrderOfWords2 { public static void main(String[] args) { String input = "this is a string"; String[] words = input.split(" "); StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = words.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { result.append(words[i]).append(" "); }
System.out.println(result.toString().trim()); } }
245: Write a program to find unique value between two arrays
originalarr={1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} Duparray={1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9}
Example with Streams:
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Set; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class UniqueValueFinder1 { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] originalArr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}; int[] dupArray = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9};
Set<Integer> dupSet = Arrays.stream(dupArray).boxed().collect(Collectors.toSet());
int uniqueValue = Arrays.stream(originalArr) .filter(num -> !dupSet.contains(num)) .findFirst() .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("No unique value found"));
System.out.println("Unique value: " + uniqueValue); } }
Example without Streams:
import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Set;
public class UniqueValueFinder2 { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] originalArr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}; int[] dupArray = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9};
// Add elements of dupArray to a Set Set<Integer> dupSet = new HashSet<>(); for (int num : dupArray) { dupSet.add(num); }
// Find the unique value from originalArr for (int num : originalArr) { if (!dupSet.contains(num)) { System.out.println("Unique value: " + num); break; // Exit loop once unique value is found } } } }
246: Write a program to find employeename Groupby doj
import java.time.LocalDate; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.Collectors;
class Employee1 { private String name; private LocalDate doj;
public Employee1(String name, LocalDate doj) { this.name = name; this.doj = doj; }
public String getName() { return name; }
public LocalDate getDoj() { return doj; }
@Override public String toString() { return name; } }
public class GroupByDOJ { public static void main(String[] args) { // Sample employee data List<Employee1> employees = Arrays.asList( new Employee1("swamy", LocalDate.of(2021, 5, 15)), new Employee1("Pranu", LocalDate.of(2020, 3, 20)), new Employee1("Vaisu", LocalDate.of(2021, 5, 15)), new Employee1("Srihan", LocalDate.of(2020, 3, 20)), new Employee1("Raju", LocalDate.of(2019, 8, 10)) );
// Group employee names by DOJ Map<LocalDate, List<String>> groupedByDOJ = employees.stream() .collect(Collectors.groupingBy( Employee1::getDoj, // Group by DOJ Collectors.mapping(Employee1::getName, // Collect names Collectors.toList()) // Collect into a list ));
// Print the grouped data groupedByDOJ.forEach((doj, names) -> { System.out.println("DOJ: " + doj + " -> Employees: " + names); }); } }
247: Write a program to remove the symbol [ from the string in Java Srting str=This[Is[A[String
Using String.replace():
public class RemoveSymbol1 { public static void main(String[] args) { String str = "This[Is[A[String"; // Remove all occurrences of '[' String result = str.replace("[", ""); System.out.println(result); } }
Using String.replaceAll():
public class RemoveSymbol2 { public static void main(String[] args) { String str = "This[Is[A[String"; // Remove all occurrences of '[' using regex String result = str.replaceAll("\\[", ""); System.out.println(result); } }
248: Write a program to add the symbol [ before every uppercase letter in the string Srting str=ThisIsAString
public class AddSymbolBeforeCaps { public static void main(String[] args) { String str = "ThisIsAString";
// Add "[" before each uppercase letter String result = str.replaceAll("([A-Z])", "[$1");
System.out.println(result); } }
249: What are associations in hibernate
In Hibernate, associations define relationships between entities (tables in a relational database). They are used to map object relationships in Java to database relationships efficiently. Hibernate supports different types of associations based on cardinality.
Types of Associations in Hibernate1. One-to-One Association (@OneToOne)- Each entity has exactly one related entity.
- Example: A
User has one Address.
Example:
2. One-to-Many Association (@OneToMany)- One entity is related to multiple instances of another entity.
- Example: A
Department has many Employees.
Example:
3. Many-to-One Association (@ManyToOne)Many entities are associated with a single entity. Example: Many Employees belong to one Department (same as above). The @ManyToOne annotation is always used on the child side of a relationship.
4. Many-to-Many Association (@ManyToMany)- Many entities are related to many other entities.
- Example: A
Student can enroll in multiple Courses, and a Course can have multiple Students.
Example:
Association Fetching in HibernateWhen loading related entities, Hibernate provides two fetching strategies: Lazy Loading (FetchType.LAZY) (Default for OneToMany & ManyToMany) - Loads the related entity only when accessed.
- Example:
Eager Loading (FetchType.EAGER) - Loads the related entity immediately when the parent is loaded.
- Example:
Cascade TypesCascade operations define how changes in one entity affect the related entity. CascadeType.ALL: Propagates all operations (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).CascadeType.PERSIST: Saves child when parent is saved.CascadeType.MERGE: Merges child when parent is merged.CascadeType.REMOVE: Deletes child when parent is deleted.CascadeType.REFRESH: Refreshes child when parent is refreshed.CascadeType.DETACH: Detaches child when parent is detached.
Example:
ConclusionHibernate associations help define relationships between entities effectively. Choosing the right association type and fetching strategy is crucial for performance and proper data management in a Spring Boot application.
250. What is the output for given code?
String s = "test";
s.concat("java");
System.out.println(s);
Output: test Because String is immutable in Java.
251. Can i extends FI1 with FT2? @FunctionalInterface
interface I2 {
void show();
}
@FunctionalInterface
interface I1 extends I2 {
void display(); // ❌ Now I1 has two abstract methods: show() + display()
}
Ans: No
251. What is the output for given code?
class A { void show() { System.out.println("Inside A: show()"); } }
class B extends Main { void display() { System.out.println("Inside B: display()"); } }
class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { B a = new B(); } }
Output:
(no output)
| | | |
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