Java 7 features
1)Strings in Switch:
public void testStringInSwitch(String param){
final String JAVA5 = "Java 5";
final String JAVA6 = "Java 6";
final String JAVA7 = "Java 7";
switch (param) {
case JAVA5:
System.out.println(JAVA5);
break;
case JAVA6:
System.out.println(JAVA6);
break;
case JAVA7:
System.out.println(JAVA7);
break;
}
}
2)Binary Literals:
public void testBinaryIntegralLiterals(){
int binary = 0b1000; //2^3 = 8
if (binary == 8){
System.out.println(true);
} else{
System.out.println(false);
}
}
3)Underscore Between Literals:
public void testUnderscoresNumericLiterals() {
int oneMillion_ = 1_000_000; //new
int oneMillion = 1000000;
if (oneMillion_ == oneMillion){
System.out.println(true);
} else{
System.out.println(false);
}
}
4)Type Inference for Generic Instance:
List<String> l = new ArrayList<>();
l.add("A");
l.addAll(new ArrayList<>());
5)Multiple exception catching:
public void testMultiCatch(){
try {
throw new FileNotFoundException("FileNotFoundException");
} catch (FileNotFoundException | IOException fnfo) {
fnfo.printStackTrace();
}
}
Java 8 features
1)forEach() method in Iterable interface
Whenever we need to traverse through a Collection, we need to create an Iterator whose whole purpose is to iterate over and then we have business logic in a loop for each of the elements in the Collection. We might get ConcurrentModificationException if iterator is not used properly.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.lang.Integer;
public class Java8ForEachExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//creating sample Collection
List<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) myList.add(i);
//traversing using Iterator
Iterator<Integer> it = myList.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
Integer i = it.next();
System.out.println("Iterator Value::"+i);
}
//traversing through forEach method of Iterable with anonymous class
myList.forEach(new Consumer<Integer>() {
public void accept(Integer t) {
System.out.println("forEach anonymous class Value::"+t);
}
});
//traversing with Consumer interface implementation
MyConsumer action = new MyConsumer();
myList.forEach(action);
}
}
//Consumer implementation that can be reused
class MyConsumer implements Consumer<Integer>{
public void accept(Integer t) {
System.out.println("Consumer impl Value::"+t);
}
}
2)default and static methods in Interfaces
3)Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions
Functional interfaces are new concept introduced in Java 8. An interface with exactly one abstract method becomes Functional Interface. We don’t need to use @FunctionalInterface annotation to mark an interface as Functional Interface.
One of the major benefits of functional interface is the possibility to use lambda expressions to instantiate them. We can instantiate an interface with anonymous class but the code looks bulky.
Runnable r = new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("My Runnable");
}};
(or)
Runnable r1 = () -> {
System.out.println("My Runnable");
};
4)Java Stream API for Bulk Data Operations on Collections
A new java.util.stream has been added in Java 8 to perform filter/map/reduce like operations with the collection. Stream API will allow sequential as well as parallel execution.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<>();
for(int i=0; i<100; i++) myList.add(i);
//sequential stream
Stream<Integer> sequentialStream = myList.stream();
//parallel stream
Stream<Integer> parallelStream = myList.parallelStream();
//using lambda with Stream API, filter example
Stream<Integer> highNums = parallelStream.filter(p -> p > 90);
//using lambda in forEach
highNums.forEach(p -> System.out.println("High Nums parallel="+p));
Stream<Integer> highNumsSeq = sequentialStream.filter(p -> p > 90);
highNumsSeq.forEach(p -> System.out.println("High Nums sequential="+p));
}
}
5)Java Time API
Java Time API has some sub-packages java.time.format that provides classes to print and parse dates and times and
java.time.zone provides support for time-zones and their rules.
package com.shris.java8.time;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class DateParseFormatExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Format examples
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date);
//specific format
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu")));
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime);
//specific format
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")));
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp);
//Parse examples
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48",
DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"));
System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt);
}
}
The new Time API prefers enums over integer constants for months and days of the week. One of the useful class is DateTimeFormatter for converting datetime objects to strings.
6)Collection API improvements
We have already seen forEach() method and Stream API for collections. Some new methods added in Collection API are:
Iterator default method forEachRemaining(Consumer action) to perform the given action for each remaining element until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.
Collection default method removeIf(Predicate filter) to remove all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate.
Collection spliterator() method returning Spliterator instance that can be used to traverse elements sequentially or parallel.
Map replaceAll(), compute(), merge() methods.
Performance Improvement for HashMap class with Key Collisions
7)Concurrency API improvements
Some important concurrent API enhancements are:
ConcurrentHashMap compute(), forEach(), forEachEntry(), forEachKey(), forEachValue(), merge(), reduce() and search() methods.
CompletableFuture that may be explicitly completed (setting its value and status).
Executors newWorkStealingPool() method to create a work-stealing thread pool using all available processors as its target parallelism level.
8)Java IO improvements
Some IO improvements known to me are:
Files.list(Path dir) that returns a lazily populated Stream, the elements of which are the entries in the directory.
Files.lines(Path path) that reads all lines from a file as a Stream.
Files.find() that returns a Stream that is lazily populated with Path by searching for files in a file tree rooted at a given starting file.
BufferedReader.lines() that return a Stream, the elements of which are lines read from this BufferedReader.
1)Strings in Switch:
public void testStringInSwitch(String param){
final String JAVA5 = "Java 5";
final String JAVA6 = "Java 6";
final String JAVA7 = "Java 7";
switch (param) {
case JAVA5:
System.out.println(JAVA5);
break;
case JAVA6:
System.out.println(JAVA6);
break;
case JAVA7:
System.out.println(JAVA7);
break;
}
}
2)Binary Literals:
public void testBinaryIntegralLiterals(){
int binary = 0b1000; //2^3 = 8
if (binary == 8){
System.out.println(true);
} else{
System.out.println(false);
}
}
3)Underscore Between Literals:
public void testUnderscoresNumericLiterals() {
int oneMillion_ = 1_000_000; //new
int oneMillion = 1000000;
if (oneMillion_ == oneMillion){
System.out.println(true);
} else{
System.out.println(false);
}
}
4)Type Inference for Generic Instance:
List<String> l = new ArrayList<>();
l.add("A");
l.addAll(new ArrayList<>());
5)Multiple exception catching:
public void testMultiCatch(){
try {
throw new FileNotFoundException("FileNotFoundException");
} catch (FileNotFoundException | IOException fnfo) {
fnfo.printStackTrace();
}
}
Java 8 features
1)forEach() method in Iterable interface
Whenever we need to traverse through a Collection, we need to create an Iterator whose whole purpose is to iterate over and then we have business logic in a loop for each of the elements in the Collection. We might get ConcurrentModificationException if iterator is not used properly.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.lang.Integer;
public class Java8ForEachExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//creating sample Collection
List<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) myList.add(i);
//traversing using Iterator
Iterator<Integer> it = myList.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
Integer i = it.next();
System.out.println("Iterator Value::"+i);
}
//traversing through forEach method of Iterable with anonymous class
myList.forEach(new Consumer<Integer>() {
public void accept(Integer t) {
System.out.println("forEach anonymous class Value::"+t);
}
});
//traversing with Consumer interface implementation
MyConsumer action = new MyConsumer();
myList.forEach(action);
}
}
//Consumer implementation that can be reused
class MyConsumer implements Consumer<Integer>{
public void accept(Integer t) {
System.out.println("Consumer impl Value::"+t);
}
}
2)default and static methods in Interfaces
3)Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions
Functional interfaces are new concept introduced in Java 8. An interface with exactly one abstract method becomes Functional Interface. We don’t need to use @FunctionalInterface annotation to mark an interface as Functional Interface.
One of the major benefits of functional interface is the possibility to use lambda expressions to instantiate them. We can instantiate an interface with anonymous class but the code looks bulky.
Runnable r = new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("My Runnable");
}};
(or)
Runnable r1 = () -> {
System.out.println("My Runnable");
};
4)Java Stream API for Bulk Data Operations on Collections
A new java.util.stream has been added in Java 8 to perform filter/map/reduce like operations with the collection. Stream API will allow sequential as well as parallel execution.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<>();
for(int i=0; i<100; i++) myList.add(i);
//sequential stream
Stream<Integer> sequentialStream = myList.stream();
//parallel stream
Stream<Integer> parallelStream = myList.parallelStream();
//using lambda with Stream API, filter example
Stream<Integer> highNums = parallelStream.filter(p -> p > 90);
//using lambda in forEach
highNums.forEach(p -> System.out.println("High Nums parallel="+p));
Stream<Integer> highNumsSeq = sequentialStream.filter(p -> p > 90);
highNumsSeq.forEach(p -> System.out.println("High Nums sequential="+p));
}
}
5)Java Time API
Java Time API has some sub-packages java.time.format that provides classes to print and parse dates and times and
java.time.zone provides support for time-zones and their rules.
package com.shris.java8.time;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class DateParseFormatExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Format examples
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date);
//specific format
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu")));
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime);
//specific format
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")));
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp);
//Parse examples
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48",
DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"));
System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt);
}
}
The new Time API prefers enums over integer constants for months and days of the week. One of the useful class is DateTimeFormatter for converting datetime objects to strings.
6)Collection API improvements
We have already seen forEach() method and Stream API for collections. Some new methods added in Collection API are:
Iterator default method forEachRemaining(Consumer action) to perform the given action for each remaining element until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.
Collection default method removeIf(Predicate filter) to remove all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate.
Collection spliterator() method returning Spliterator instance that can be used to traverse elements sequentially or parallel.
Map replaceAll(), compute(), merge() methods.
Performance Improvement for HashMap class with Key Collisions
7)Concurrency API improvements
Some important concurrent API enhancements are:
ConcurrentHashMap compute(), forEach(), forEachEntry(), forEachKey(), forEachValue(), merge(), reduce() and search() methods.
CompletableFuture that may be explicitly completed (setting its value and status).
Executors newWorkStealingPool() method to create a work-stealing thread pool using all available processors as its target parallelism level.
8)Java IO improvements
Some IO improvements known to me are:
Files.list(Path dir) that returns a lazily populated Stream, the elements of which are the entries in the directory.
Files.lines(Path path) that reads all lines from a file as a Stream.
Files.find() that returns a Stream that is lazily populated with Path by searching for files in a file tree rooted at a given starting file.
BufferedReader.lines() that return a Stream, the elements of which are lines read from this BufferedReader.
